Anatomy Exam 1
Know the following direction-related terms: anterior/posterior;
superior/inferior;
proximal/distal; rostral/caudal correct answers Anterior/posterior:
front/back
Superior/inferior:
above(higher)/below(lower)
Proximal/distal: closer to attachment/away from
attachment
Rostral/caudal: closer to head and nose/closer to back
and tail
Know the different type of neurons in the PNS and CNS, as well as
their
correctfunction
answers Types: sensory, motor,
interneurons
Sensory neurons: bringing messages; take external stimuli/impulses from
receptors to
CNS;
afferent
Motor neurons: listening to messages and directing them where to go;
impulses
CNS from (muscled and glands);
to effectors
efferent
Interneurons: integration; relay messages between other neurons,
sensory or motor
Structural classifications: multipolar, bipolar,
unipolar
Multipolar: possess more than 2 processes; numerous dendrites, 1
axon; mostin body; major neuron type in CNS; most interneurons,
abundant
some motor
Bipolar: possesses 2 processes; rare neurons (found in some special
sensory
olfactoryorgans;
mucosa, eyes, ear); fused dendrite and axon; most
sensory
Unipolar: possess one shy, single process; starts as bipolar
neurons duringfound mainly in PNS; most
development;
sensory
Know the different type of glial (aka neuroglia) cells in the PNS and CNS,
as well
their as
function correct answers Neuoglia in
CNS:
Astrocytes: most abundant glial cell type; sense when neurons release
glutamate;
extract blood sugar from capillaries for energy; take up and relate
ions to controlaround neurons; involved in synapse formation in
environment
developing
produce molecules
tissue; necessary for neuronal growth (BDTF); propagate
calcium with
involve signals
memory
Microglia: smallest and least abundant; phagocytes (macrophages of
CNS) engulf
invading microorganisms/dead neurons; derive from blood cells called
migrate to CNS during embryonic/fetal
monocytes;
periods
Ependymal cells: line central cavity of spinal cord; bear cilia (helps
circulate CSF)
Oligodendrocytes: wrap their cell processes around axons in CNS;
sheaths
produce inmyelin
CNS
PNS:
, Satellite cells: surround neuron cell bodies within
ganglia
Schwann cells (neurolemocytes): surrounds axons in the PNS; form
myelin sheath
around axons of
PNS
Know the organizational structure of skeletal muscles correct answers
Out to in: (separates muscle from nearby tissues and organs; creates
epimysium
dense layer
collagen of that surround entire
fibers
muscle)
fascicle (creates bundle of muscle fibers; blood and nerve
supply)
perimysium (divides the muscle into a Sirius of compartments;
surrounds
blood fascicles;
and nerve
supply)
endomysium (surrounds individual skeletal muscle cells called muscle fibers
and loosely adjacent muscle fibers; creates muscle fibers and repairs
interconnects
muscle tissue through myosatellite
damaged
cells)
myofibril (produces skeletal movement, maintains posture and body
position,
soft supports
tissues, guards entrances and exits, maintains body temperature,
and stores
nutrient
reserves)
Understand how a neuron interacts with a skeletal muscle fiber to cause a
contraction;
know the importance of the neuromuscular junction correct answers
Neuromuscular
junction: where nerve ending and muscle
fibers meet
a neuron interacts with a muscle fiber to contract in the synaptic cleft,
between
which is thethearea
axon terminal of a neuron and the sarcolemma (the plasme
membrane
muscle of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is released from
cells).
the neuron,
through the synaptic cleft, and binds to muscle receptors to generate action
potential
the muscle forcontraction to
occur
Know the two types of bone ossification, and when each occurs during
growth and
development; which bones are developed through each physiological
method correct
answers Intramembranous ossification: membrane bones formed
directly from only happens in embryonic development with skull,
mesenchyme;
mandible,(flat
clavicles andbones); doesn't happen throughout life; no medullary
cavities, just
trabecula
e
Endochondral ossification: other bones develop initially from hyaline
cartilage
bets (template
replaced with bone); also occurs in second month of embryonic
development,
happens but
throughout life; all bones except some of skull and
clavicles
Know the difference compact and spongy bone, including location of
each. Where
would you expect to find red bone marrow? correct answers Two types of
bone
in found
every
bone
Compact bone: dense outer layer of
bone
Spongy (cancellous) bone: internal network
of bone
Red bone marrow found between trabeculae (little "beams" of bone) of
spongy
and bone
within epiphysis of long
bone
Know the following direction-related terms: anterior/posterior;
superior/inferior;
proximal/distal; rostral/caudal correct answers Anterior/posterior:
front/back
Superior/inferior:
above(higher)/below(lower)
Proximal/distal: closer to attachment/away from
attachment
Rostral/caudal: closer to head and nose/closer to back
and tail
Know the different type of neurons in the PNS and CNS, as well as
their
correctfunction
answers Types: sensory, motor,
interneurons
Sensory neurons: bringing messages; take external stimuli/impulses from
receptors to
CNS;
afferent
Motor neurons: listening to messages and directing them where to go;
impulses
CNS from (muscled and glands);
to effectors
efferent
Interneurons: integration; relay messages between other neurons,
sensory or motor
Structural classifications: multipolar, bipolar,
unipolar
Multipolar: possess more than 2 processes; numerous dendrites, 1
axon; mostin body; major neuron type in CNS; most interneurons,
abundant
some motor
Bipolar: possesses 2 processes; rare neurons (found in some special
sensory
olfactoryorgans;
mucosa, eyes, ear); fused dendrite and axon; most
sensory
Unipolar: possess one shy, single process; starts as bipolar
neurons duringfound mainly in PNS; most
development;
sensory
Know the different type of glial (aka neuroglia) cells in the PNS and CNS,
as well
their as
function correct answers Neuoglia in
CNS:
Astrocytes: most abundant glial cell type; sense when neurons release
glutamate;
extract blood sugar from capillaries for energy; take up and relate
ions to controlaround neurons; involved in synapse formation in
environment
developing
produce molecules
tissue; necessary for neuronal growth (BDTF); propagate
calcium with
involve signals
memory
Microglia: smallest and least abundant; phagocytes (macrophages of
CNS) engulf
invading microorganisms/dead neurons; derive from blood cells called
migrate to CNS during embryonic/fetal
monocytes;
periods
Ependymal cells: line central cavity of spinal cord; bear cilia (helps
circulate CSF)
Oligodendrocytes: wrap their cell processes around axons in CNS;
sheaths
produce inmyelin
CNS
PNS:
, Satellite cells: surround neuron cell bodies within
ganglia
Schwann cells (neurolemocytes): surrounds axons in the PNS; form
myelin sheath
around axons of
PNS
Know the organizational structure of skeletal muscles correct answers
Out to in: (separates muscle from nearby tissues and organs; creates
epimysium
dense layer
collagen of that surround entire
fibers
muscle)
fascicle (creates bundle of muscle fibers; blood and nerve
supply)
perimysium (divides the muscle into a Sirius of compartments;
surrounds
blood fascicles;
and nerve
supply)
endomysium (surrounds individual skeletal muscle cells called muscle fibers
and loosely adjacent muscle fibers; creates muscle fibers and repairs
interconnects
muscle tissue through myosatellite
damaged
cells)
myofibril (produces skeletal movement, maintains posture and body
position,
soft supports
tissues, guards entrances and exits, maintains body temperature,
and stores
nutrient
reserves)
Understand how a neuron interacts with a skeletal muscle fiber to cause a
contraction;
know the importance of the neuromuscular junction correct answers
Neuromuscular
junction: where nerve ending and muscle
fibers meet
a neuron interacts with a muscle fiber to contract in the synaptic cleft,
between
which is thethearea
axon terminal of a neuron and the sarcolemma (the plasme
membrane
muscle of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is released from
cells).
the neuron,
through the synaptic cleft, and binds to muscle receptors to generate action
potential
the muscle forcontraction to
occur
Know the two types of bone ossification, and when each occurs during
growth and
development; which bones are developed through each physiological
method correct
answers Intramembranous ossification: membrane bones formed
directly from only happens in embryonic development with skull,
mesenchyme;
mandible,(flat
clavicles andbones); doesn't happen throughout life; no medullary
cavities, just
trabecula
e
Endochondral ossification: other bones develop initially from hyaline
cartilage
bets (template
replaced with bone); also occurs in second month of embryonic
development,
happens but
throughout life; all bones except some of skull and
clavicles
Know the difference compact and spongy bone, including location of
each. Where
would you expect to find red bone marrow? correct answers Two types of
bone
in found
every
bone
Compact bone: dense outer layer of
bone
Spongy (cancellous) bone: internal network
of bone
Red bone marrow found between trabeculae (little "beams" of bone) of
spongy
and bone
within epiphysis of long
bone
