PHS3300 - Diabetes Exam Latest
Update
metabolism - Answer All the chemical reactions that occur within the cells of the body -
includes reactions involving the degradation, synthesis, and transformation of proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats
absorptive state - Answer first 4 hours after a meal (commanding hormone is insulin)
post-absorptive state - Answer any time after the 4 hours until your next meal
(commanding hormone is glucagon)
hyperglycemia - Answer excessive sugar in the blood where insulin must be kicked into
gear
hypoglycemia - Answer abnormally low level of sugar in the blood where glucagon kicks
into gear
factors that affect blood-glucose concentration - Answer INCREASE:
1 - glucose absorption from digestive tract
2 - hepatic glucose production (glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis)
DECREASE
1 - transport of glucose into the cells (glycogenesis)
2 - urinary excretion of glucose
The pancreas - Answer The hormonal control of blood glucose resides largely with the
endocrine pancreas
Retroperitoneal gland with both exocrine (80%) and endocrine functions
exocrine part of pancreas - Answer composed of the acini, secretes digestive juices into
duodenum via special ducts
endocrine part of pancreas - Answer composed of the islets of Langerhans (~1-2 million)
secrete insulin, glucagon and other hormones directly to blood
Islets of Langerhans - Answer cell clusters in the pancreas that form the endocrine part
of that organ
beta cells
alpha cells
,delta cells
f - cells
beta cells - Answer 60%
produce proinsulin (inactive form of hormone that must be cleaved or modified for a final
product)
Stored in granules, where it is cleaved into insulin and C-peptide that are secreted
together
alpha cells - Answer 25%
produce & secrete glucagon into the blood.
delta cells - Answer 10%
produce somatostatin (inhibits insulin and glucagon)
f - cells - Answer produce pancreatic polypeptide (PP) (plays a role in digestion)
insulin secretion and action - Answer promotes uptake of macronutrients (lowers the
concentration of monomers in the blood supply)
Promotes cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, & amino acid; enhances their
conversion into glycogen, triglycerides, & proteins, respectively
secretion is increased during the absorptive state
liver (insulin) - Answer Primary role in maintaining normal blood glucose levels
Principal site for metabolic interconversions e.g. gluconeogenesis when taking amino
acids
Can release glycogen systemically as glucose
adipose tissue (insulin) - Answer Primary energy storage site (fat cells)
Important in regulating fatty acid levels in the blood
muscle (insulin) - Answer Primary site of amino acid storage
Major energy user
In resting state it uses free fatty acids but once you start exercising and the
contractions go, the muscle becomes sensitive to amounts of insulin (pulls glucose from
bloodstream)
brain (insulin) - Answer Normally can only use glucose as an energy source
Does not store glycogen (does not have its own reserve) / mandatory blood glucose
, levels must be maintained and circulated
Doesn't have the option to just break up glycogen
nervous system during insulin secretion - Answer Sympathetic: inhibits the release of
insulin by islet b-cells as the body is in a fight or flight (slowing of digestive processes),
glucagon is promoted
Parasympathetic: digestion is the prority and blood glucose gets broken down by insulin
GIP and GLP - Answer (GI hormones) enhance the release of insulin in response to blood
glucose levels after consumption of a meal (tropins encourage release)
glucose dependant insulodependant peptide
glucagon like peptide
Umbrella term: incretins
counter regulatory hormones to insulin - Answer glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol
(glucocorticoids), adrenaline, growth hormone
all these events lead to stress hyperglycemia
exercise and insulin - Answer Think of exercise as a shot of insulin - if you exercise you
need less insulin
muscle contractions increase insulin sensitivity
glucagon secretion and action - Answer Major stimulus for is ↓ in blood [glucose].
Amino acids stimulate glucagon release (high protein, low carbohydrate meal).
liver (glucagon) - Answer Increased hepatic glucose production & release → an increase
in blood glucose levels
effects of stress on glucagon - Answer epinephrine acts on β-adrenergic receptors on
alpha cells, increasing glucagon release (⇧ availability of glucose for energy)
adipose (glucagon) - Answer Antagonizes the actions of insulin with regard to fat
metabolism by promoting lipolysis & inhibiting TG synthesis
protein (glucagon) - Answer Inhibits hepatic protein synthesis and promotes
degradation of hepatic protein
structure of insulin - Answer Insulin is a polypeptide hormone, produced and stored in
the body as an inactive hexamer
proinsulin - Answer precursor of insulin (prohormone) - both polypeptide chains derive
from this
Update
metabolism - Answer All the chemical reactions that occur within the cells of the body -
includes reactions involving the degradation, synthesis, and transformation of proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats
absorptive state - Answer first 4 hours after a meal (commanding hormone is insulin)
post-absorptive state - Answer any time after the 4 hours until your next meal
(commanding hormone is glucagon)
hyperglycemia - Answer excessive sugar in the blood where insulin must be kicked into
gear
hypoglycemia - Answer abnormally low level of sugar in the blood where glucagon kicks
into gear
factors that affect blood-glucose concentration - Answer INCREASE:
1 - glucose absorption from digestive tract
2 - hepatic glucose production (glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis)
DECREASE
1 - transport of glucose into the cells (glycogenesis)
2 - urinary excretion of glucose
The pancreas - Answer The hormonal control of blood glucose resides largely with the
endocrine pancreas
Retroperitoneal gland with both exocrine (80%) and endocrine functions
exocrine part of pancreas - Answer composed of the acini, secretes digestive juices into
duodenum via special ducts
endocrine part of pancreas - Answer composed of the islets of Langerhans (~1-2 million)
secrete insulin, glucagon and other hormones directly to blood
Islets of Langerhans - Answer cell clusters in the pancreas that form the endocrine part
of that organ
beta cells
alpha cells
,delta cells
f - cells
beta cells - Answer 60%
produce proinsulin (inactive form of hormone that must be cleaved or modified for a final
product)
Stored in granules, where it is cleaved into insulin and C-peptide that are secreted
together
alpha cells - Answer 25%
produce & secrete glucagon into the blood.
delta cells - Answer 10%
produce somatostatin (inhibits insulin and glucagon)
f - cells - Answer produce pancreatic polypeptide (PP) (plays a role in digestion)
insulin secretion and action - Answer promotes uptake of macronutrients (lowers the
concentration of monomers in the blood supply)
Promotes cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, & amino acid; enhances their
conversion into glycogen, triglycerides, & proteins, respectively
secretion is increased during the absorptive state
liver (insulin) - Answer Primary role in maintaining normal blood glucose levels
Principal site for metabolic interconversions e.g. gluconeogenesis when taking amino
acids
Can release glycogen systemically as glucose
adipose tissue (insulin) - Answer Primary energy storage site (fat cells)
Important in regulating fatty acid levels in the blood
muscle (insulin) - Answer Primary site of amino acid storage
Major energy user
In resting state it uses free fatty acids but once you start exercising and the
contractions go, the muscle becomes sensitive to amounts of insulin (pulls glucose from
bloodstream)
brain (insulin) - Answer Normally can only use glucose as an energy source
Does not store glycogen (does not have its own reserve) / mandatory blood glucose
, levels must be maintained and circulated
Doesn't have the option to just break up glycogen
nervous system during insulin secretion - Answer Sympathetic: inhibits the release of
insulin by islet b-cells as the body is in a fight or flight (slowing of digestive processes),
glucagon is promoted
Parasympathetic: digestion is the prority and blood glucose gets broken down by insulin
GIP and GLP - Answer (GI hormones) enhance the release of insulin in response to blood
glucose levels after consumption of a meal (tropins encourage release)
glucose dependant insulodependant peptide
glucagon like peptide
Umbrella term: incretins
counter regulatory hormones to insulin - Answer glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol
(glucocorticoids), adrenaline, growth hormone
all these events lead to stress hyperglycemia
exercise and insulin - Answer Think of exercise as a shot of insulin - if you exercise you
need less insulin
muscle contractions increase insulin sensitivity
glucagon secretion and action - Answer Major stimulus for is ↓ in blood [glucose].
Amino acids stimulate glucagon release (high protein, low carbohydrate meal).
liver (glucagon) - Answer Increased hepatic glucose production & release → an increase
in blood glucose levels
effects of stress on glucagon - Answer epinephrine acts on β-adrenergic receptors on
alpha cells, increasing glucagon release (⇧ availability of glucose for energy)
adipose (glucagon) - Answer Antagonizes the actions of insulin with regard to fat
metabolism by promoting lipolysis & inhibiting TG synthesis
protein (glucagon) - Answer Inhibits hepatic protein synthesis and promotes
degradation of hepatic protein
structure of insulin - Answer Insulin is a polypeptide hormone, produced and stored in
the body as an inactive hexamer
proinsulin - Answer precursor of insulin (prohormone) - both polypeptide chains derive
from this
