PHS3300 Neoplasia Exam Latest
Update
neoplasia - Answer abnormal cell growth. can be benign and malignant
encompasses more than just cancer.
cancer - focus on malignant - what is cancer? what are some normal signals for cancer
cells between one another? what is it about their abnormal morphology? - Answer
defined abo0ut their ability to grow autonomously - no external stimulus to perforate
Defined about their ability to grow autonomously - no external stimulus to
perforate
Normal signals for cancer cells - b/w one another or soluble mechanisms to promote
cell growth + replacement
Abnormal morphology, cancer cells are often based on the nucleus of the
cell
cancer encompasses multiple diseases
what can nuceli of cancer cells be used for? - Answer Nuclei are used to defined
whether the cell is cancerous or not
what defines cancer as malignant - Answer invasion of local tissue and escape from the
site of origin.
Must invade locally
§ Tissue - neoplastic growth, cells together
§ Always a basement membrane, one/two layers surrounding it
• If hyperproliferative, sometimes will not be malignant
o When it invades the basement membrane, that's when
they're malignant
o Can go past the tissue, can set up new cells outside
how are cancers classified? - Answer on the basis of the tissue from which they develop
carcinomas (largest group - epethilial cells) - what are the 3 groups that belong to
carcinomas? - Answer adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and
,miscellaneous carcinomas
adenocarcinomas - Answer Regenerate in a secreting function
§ Lungs
§ Colon
§ Breast - milk
§ Pancreas - insulin, etc.
squamous cell carcinomas - Answer Protective cells
o Skin
o Nasal cavity- associated w an entry point into the body - orifice
o Oropharynx
o Larynx
o Lung - cells can be very different, secretory, non-secretory, protective, etc.
misciallanoeus carcinomas - Answer Renal-cell carcinoma
o Not secretory nor protective, etc.
carcinomas account for what percenatge of cancer (and cancer related deaths) -
Answer >90% of cancers- 80% of cancer
related deaths
sarcomas - what are they? how rare are they? provide a few examples - Answer Cancers
that arise in the connective tissue cells, including bones, ligaments, and muscles.
Very rare - 1% of tumors
o Osteosarcoma - bone cancer
o Liposarcoma - fat
o Leiomyosarcoma - muscle, etc.
Neuroectodermal malignancies - 1% of cancers, 2.5% cancer related deaths
what is the most common type?
what are some other types? - Answer Arise in the brain + nerve cells
glioblastoma - Glial cell tumors
o Astrocytoma - astrocytes
,o Meningioma - meningeal cells
o Retinoblastoma - interesting type of neuroectodermal cells - How cancer arise -
definition of a tumor suppressor protein
Neuroectodermal malignancies - when are they most common? what about for
retinoblastoma?
overall, are Neuroectodermal malignancies treatable? - Answer Found in young children
o Except for retinoblastoma to find early - familial disease
Central + peripheral nervous system cells 1% of cancer
• Not very treatable - comprise 2.5% cancer-related deaths
Hematopoietic Malignancies - Answer tumors that affect the blood, bone marrow,
lymph, and lymphatic system.
leukemia - Answer cancer of white blood cells
describe how leukemia arrises and the different types of leukemia that can arrise -
Answer Begins w multipotential hematopoietic stem cell - hemocytoblast
§ Daughter cells will go to myeloid lineage OR lymphoid lineage
Myeloid - mast cell, to thrombocytes, myeloblast to basophils,
neutrophils, eosinophils, monocyte to macrophages
Lymphoid - natural killer cell, small lymphocyte- t lymphocyte, b
lymphocyte - plasma cell - MM
• Depending on where the mutation takes place, can arise different kinds of leukemias
o Myelogenous leukemias - bone marrow
o Lymphocytic leukemias
multiple myloma - Answer Plasma cell malignancies
Plasma cells are transformed and secreting more and more antibodies
Hodgkin's disease - Answer Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the
lymphatic system, which is part of the body's germ-fighting immune system. In
Hodgkin's lymphoma, white blood cells called lymphocytes grow out of control, causing
swollen lymph nodes and growths throughout the body.
depends on different countries
non-hodgekins disease - Answer Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of cancer that
, begins in your lymphatic system, which is part of the body's germ-fighting immune
system. In non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, white blood cells called lymphocytes grow
abnormally and can form growths (tumors) throughout the body.
- different types of subcategories
§ Pathology of different cell types
no reed stern burg cells
chronic leukemia - Answer Develop slowly and persist for a long time
• Gradual progression
• Indolent
o Myeloid/lymphocytic
§ Granulocytes
thought to arrise from mature cells.
provide an example of chronic leukemia - Answer CML: chronic myelogenous leukemia
chronic myelogenous leukemia - when does it develop?
explain how it develops inclduing the gene it contains and the fusion of that gene. -
Answer 40-50 years
o
Contains a specific type of chromosome - "Philadelphia"
Chromosome 9
In people with chronic myelogenous leukemia, the chromosomes in the blood cells swap
sections with each other. A section of chromosome 9 switches places with a section of
chromosome 22, creating an extra-short chromosome 22 and an extra-long
chromosome 9.
The extra-short chromosome 22 is called the Philadelphia chromosome
The Philadelphia chromosome creates a new gene. Genes from chromosome 9 combine
with genes from chromosome 22 to create a new gene called BCR-ABL. The BCR-ABL
gene contains instructions that tell the abnormal blood cell to produce too much of a
protein called tyrosine kinase. Tyrosine kinase promotes cancer by allowing certain
blood cells to grow out of control.
FUSION OF ABL WITH BCR FORMS A POWERFUL ONCOGENE WITH KINASE
TREATMENT
Update
neoplasia - Answer abnormal cell growth. can be benign and malignant
encompasses more than just cancer.
cancer - focus on malignant - what is cancer? what are some normal signals for cancer
cells between one another? what is it about their abnormal morphology? - Answer
defined abo0ut their ability to grow autonomously - no external stimulus to perforate
Defined about their ability to grow autonomously - no external stimulus to
perforate
Normal signals for cancer cells - b/w one another or soluble mechanisms to promote
cell growth + replacement
Abnormal morphology, cancer cells are often based on the nucleus of the
cell
cancer encompasses multiple diseases
what can nuceli of cancer cells be used for? - Answer Nuclei are used to defined
whether the cell is cancerous or not
what defines cancer as malignant - Answer invasion of local tissue and escape from the
site of origin.
Must invade locally
§ Tissue - neoplastic growth, cells together
§ Always a basement membrane, one/two layers surrounding it
• If hyperproliferative, sometimes will not be malignant
o When it invades the basement membrane, that's when
they're malignant
o Can go past the tissue, can set up new cells outside
how are cancers classified? - Answer on the basis of the tissue from which they develop
carcinomas (largest group - epethilial cells) - what are the 3 groups that belong to
carcinomas? - Answer adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and
,miscellaneous carcinomas
adenocarcinomas - Answer Regenerate in a secreting function
§ Lungs
§ Colon
§ Breast - milk
§ Pancreas - insulin, etc.
squamous cell carcinomas - Answer Protective cells
o Skin
o Nasal cavity- associated w an entry point into the body - orifice
o Oropharynx
o Larynx
o Lung - cells can be very different, secretory, non-secretory, protective, etc.
misciallanoeus carcinomas - Answer Renal-cell carcinoma
o Not secretory nor protective, etc.
carcinomas account for what percenatge of cancer (and cancer related deaths) -
Answer >90% of cancers- 80% of cancer
related deaths
sarcomas - what are they? how rare are they? provide a few examples - Answer Cancers
that arise in the connective tissue cells, including bones, ligaments, and muscles.
Very rare - 1% of tumors
o Osteosarcoma - bone cancer
o Liposarcoma - fat
o Leiomyosarcoma - muscle, etc.
Neuroectodermal malignancies - 1% of cancers, 2.5% cancer related deaths
what is the most common type?
what are some other types? - Answer Arise in the brain + nerve cells
glioblastoma - Glial cell tumors
o Astrocytoma - astrocytes
,o Meningioma - meningeal cells
o Retinoblastoma - interesting type of neuroectodermal cells - How cancer arise -
definition of a tumor suppressor protein
Neuroectodermal malignancies - when are they most common? what about for
retinoblastoma?
overall, are Neuroectodermal malignancies treatable? - Answer Found in young children
o Except for retinoblastoma to find early - familial disease
Central + peripheral nervous system cells 1% of cancer
• Not very treatable - comprise 2.5% cancer-related deaths
Hematopoietic Malignancies - Answer tumors that affect the blood, bone marrow,
lymph, and lymphatic system.
leukemia - Answer cancer of white blood cells
describe how leukemia arrises and the different types of leukemia that can arrise -
Answer Begins w multipotential hematopoietic stem cell - hemocytoblast
§ Daughter cells will go to myeloid lineage OR lymphoid lineage
Myeloid - mast cell, to thrombocytes, myeloblast to basophils,
neutrophils, eosinophils, monocyte to macrophages
Lymphoid - natural killer cell, small lymphocyte- t lymphocyte, b
lymphocyte - plasma cell - MM
• Depending on where the mutation takes place, can arise different kinds of leukemias
o Myelogenous leukemias - bone marrow
o Lymphocytic leukemias
multiple myloma - Answer Plasma cell malignancies
Plasma cells are transformed and secreting more and more antibodies
Hodgkin's disease - Answer Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the
lymphatic system, which is part of the body's germ-fighting immune system. In
Hodgkin's lymphoma, white blood cells called lymphocytes grow out of control, causing
swollen lymph nodes and growths throughout the body.
depends on different countries
non-hodgekins disease - Answer Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of cancer that
, begins in your lymphatic system, which is part of the body's germ-fighting immune
system. In non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, white blood cells called lymphocytes grow
abnormally and can form growths (tumors) throughout the body.
- different types of subcategories
§ Pathology of different cell types
no reed stern burg cells
chronic leukemia - Answer Develop slowly and persist for a long time
• Gradual progression
• Indolent
o Myeloid/lymphocytic
§ Granulocytes
thought to arrise from mature cells.
provide an example of chronic leukemia - Answer CML: chronic myelogenous leukemia
chronic myelogenous leukemia - when does it develop?
explain how it develops inclduing the gene it contains and the fusion of that gene. -
Answer 40-50 years
o
Contains a specific type of chromosome - "Philadelphia"
Chromosome 9
In people with chronic myelogenous leukemia, the chromosomes in the blood cells swap
sections with each other. A section of chromosome 9 switches places with a section of
chromosome 22, creating an extra-short chromosome 22 and an extra-long
chromosome 9.
The extra-short chromosome 22 is called the Philadelphia chromosome
The Philadelphia chromosome creates a new gene. Genes from chromosome 9 combine
with genes from chromosome 22 to create a new gene called BCR-ABL. The BCR-ABL
gene contains instructions that tell the abnormal blood cell to produce too much of a
protein called tyrosine kinase. Tyrosine kinase promotes cancer by allowing certain
blood cells to grow out of control.
FUSION OF ABL WITH BCR FORMS A POWERFUL ONCOGENE WITH KINASE
TREATMENT
