MT AAB Chemistry (textbook) Exam Questions And
Accurate Answers
Zinc finger proteins - ANSWER a DNA binding protein domain that selects the portion of
a DNA strand to be cut
polypeptide/protein hormones ANSWER Chains of amino acids; water soluble, circulate
freely in plasma; initiate a second messenger system
ADH, GH, insulin, oxytocin, glucagon, ACTH, PTH
steroid hormones ANSWER insoluble in water, circulate in plasma bound to transport
proteins, enter cells by passive diffusion; cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone,
testosterone
amino acid based hormones ANSWER derived from amino acids, water soluble,
circulate in plasma bound to proteins (thyroxine) or free (catecholamines)
circadian rhythms - ANSWER regulators of secretion of the pituitary hormones
pituitary hormones - ANSWER responsible specifically for the growth and development
of endocrine glands, and therefore responsible for control of synthesis and secretion of
other hormones
metabolism of water and electrolytes regulated by: - ANSWER aldosterone, renin,
vasopressin
regulation of serum calcium - ANSWER CaSR [calcium sensing receptor] on parathyroid
gland recognizes the circulating concentration of ionized calcium, which regulates the
synthesis and secretion of PTH
adenine cyclase, cAMP, phospholipase C - ANSWER second messengers that effect the
hormone response and are activated by Gproteins and specific enzymes
,amount of second messengers/hormones are functions of amount of hormone bound to
GPCR
cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) - ANSWER Enzyme that, in response to an
increase in intracellular cyclic AMP concentration, phosphorylates and thereby
activates or inactivates the function of target proteins in the presence of cAMP
Bioassay - ANSWER measurement of the concentration or potency of a substance by its
effect on living cells or tissues
Receptor-based assays - ANSWER reflects biological function of a hormone; unlabeled
hormone displaces trace amounts of labeled hormone from receptor sites
Immunoassay - ANSWER biochemical test based on the reaction of an antibody to its
antigen to measure the amount of a substance in a liquid
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) - ANSWER the average daily nutrient intake level
estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular life
stage or gender group
Fat soluble vitamins - ANSWER A, D, E, K; more soluble in organic solvents; absorbed,
transported, and stored for longer periods of time
water soluble vitamins - ANSWER B and C; retained less and excreted more in urine;
function as coenzymes
Vitamin A - EXERCISE role in vision; all-trans-retinol is predominant circulating form of
vitamin A; other functions include reproduction, growth, embryonic development,
immune function
vitamer - EXERCISE A term used to describe any of a number of compounds that
possess a given vitamin activity
, coenzyme - EXERCISE diffusible, heat-stable substance or organic molecule; when
combined with an inactive protein (apoenzyme) forms an active compound/complete
enzyme (holoenzyme)
preformed vitamin A ANSWER vitamin A in its active form/readily used by body; obtained
from liver, other organ meats, fish oils, full cream milk, butter, fortified margarines
Provitamin A carotenoids ANSWER yellow, orange and red pigmented fruits and
vegetables, and leafy green vegetables
Vitamin A deficiency ANSWER night blindness, dry skin
hypervitaminosis A - ANSWER the serious condition in which the liver accumulates toxic
levels of vitamin A; bone and joint pain, hair loss, dryness and fissures of lips, anorexia,
benign intracranial hypertension, weight loss, hepatomegaly
laboratory assessment of vitamin A concentration - ANSWER HPLC; looking for plasma
concentration
Vitamin D - ANSWER hormone in the control of calcium and phosphorus metabolism
Vitamin E - ANSWER antioxidant that acts as a scavenger for molecular oxygen and free
radicals; role in cellular respiration
dietary sources of vitamin E - ANSWER oils and fats from plants, grains, nuts
Vitamin E Absorption and Transport - ANSWER - Absorbed from small intestine with bile
salts and micelles
- Packaged in chylomicrons ⟶ lymph ⟶ circulation ⟶ liver
- Ninety percent of vitamin E is stored in adipose tissue.
Accurate Answers
Zinc finger proteins - ANSWER a DNA binding protein domain that selects the portion of
a DNA strand to be cut
polypeptide/protein hormones ANSWER Chains of amino acids; water soluble, circulate
freely in plasma; initiate a second messenger system
ADH, GH, insulin, oxytocin, glucagon, ACTH, PTH
steroid hormones ANSWER insoluble in water, circulate in plasma bound to transport
proteins, enter cells by passive diffusion; cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone,
testosterone
amino acid based hormones ANSWER derived from amino acids, water soluble,
circulate in plasma bound to proteins (thyroxine) or free (catecholamines)
circadian rhythms - ANSWER regulators of secretion of the pituitary hormones
pituitary hormones - ANSWER responsible specifically for the growth and development
of endocrine glands, and therefore responsible for control of synthesis and secretion of
other hormones
metabolism of water and electrolytes regulated by: - ANSWER aldosterone, renin,
vasopressin
regulation of serum calcium - ANSWER CaSR [calcium sensing receptor] on parathyroid
gland recognizes the circulating concentration of ionized calcium, which regulates the
synthesis and secretion of PTH
adenine cyclase, cAMP, phospholipase C - ANSWER second messengers that effect the
hormone response and are activated by Gproteins and specific enzymes
,amount of second messengers/hormones are functions of amount of hormone bound to
GPCR
cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) - ANSWER Enzyme that, in response to an
increase in intracellular cyclic AMP concentration, phosphorylates and thereby
activates or inactivates the function of target proteins in the presence of cAMP
Bioassay - ANSWER measurement of the concentration or potency of a substance by its
effect on living cells or tissues
Receptor-based assays - ANSWER reflects biological function of a hormone; unlabeled
hormone displaces trace amounts of labeled hormone from receptor sites
Immunoassay - ANSWER biochemical test based on the reaction of an antibody to its
antigen to measure the amount of a substance in a liquid
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) - ANSWER the average daily nutrient intake level
estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular life
stage or gender group
Fat soluble vitamins - ANSWER A, D, E, K; more soluble in organic solvents; absorbed,
transported, and stored for longer periods of time
water soluble vitamins - ANSWER B and C; retained less and excreted more in urine;
function as coenzymes
Vitamin A - EXERCISE role in vision; all-trans-retinol is predominant circulating form of
vitamin A; other functions include reproduction, growth, embryonic development,
immune function
vitamer - EXERCISE A term used to describe any of a number of compounds that
possess a given vitamin activity
, coenzyme - EXERCISE diffusible, heat-stable substance or organic molecule; when
combined with an inactive protein (apoenzyme) forms an active compound/complete
enzyme (holoenzyme)
preformed vitamin A ANSWER vitamin A in its active form/readily used by body; obtained
from liver, other organ meats, fish oils, full cream milk, butter, fortified margarines
Provitamin A carotenoids ANSWER yellow, orange and red pigmented fruits and
vegetables, and leafy green vegetables
Vitamin A deficiency ANSWER night blindness, dry skin
hypervitaminosis A - ANSWER the serious condition in which the liver accumulates toxic
levels of vitamin A; bone and joint pain, hair loss, dryness and fissures of lips, anorexia,
benign intracranial hypertension, weight loss, hepatomegaly
laboratory assessment of vitamin A concentration - ANSWER HPLC; looking for plasma
concentration
Vitamin D - ANSWER hormone in the control of calcium and phosphorus metabolism
Vitamin E - ANSWER antioxidant that acts as a scavenger for molecular oxygen and free
radicals; role in cellular respiration
dietary sources of vitamin E - ANSWER oils and fats from plants, grains, nuts
Vitamin E Absorption and Transport - ANSWER - Absorbed from small intestine with bile
salts and micelles
- Packaged in chylomicrons ⟶ lymph ⟶ circulation ⟶ liver
- Ninety percent of vitamin E is stored in adipose tissue.
