RASMUSSEN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the entire stomach or a
region) - Answer-Gastritis
_________Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe ulceration with
hemorrhage - Answer-Acute Gastritis
_________ Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and
epigastric pain - Answer-Acute Gastritis
_________ Gastritis develops gradually. - Answer-Chronic Gastritis
Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive - Answer-Chronic Gastritis
Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort, and hematemesis.
- Answer-Acute Gastritis
Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric pain
and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake. - Answer-Chronic Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an infection or allergic
reaction - Answer-Gastroenteritis
Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as crohns disease - Answer-Chronic
Gastroenteritis
Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or undercooked chicken
or eggs - Answer-Acute Gastroenteritis
Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea, and vomiting -
Answer-Gastroenteritis
Most common cause of chronic gastritis - Answer-Helicobacter pylori
Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that cause
inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors (smoking and stress) may
increase the susceptibility - Answer-Helicobacter pylori
,Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water contamination, long-
term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, excessive alcohol use, severe stress,
autoimmune conditions, and other chronic disease - Answer-Gastritis
Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage - Answer-Chronic
Gastritis
Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal cramping,
nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise. Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can
indicate ulceration and bleeding. - Answer-Gastritis
Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus. Bile can also back
up into the esophagus. - Answer-GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa - Answer-GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated beverages, citrus fruit,
tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint), alcohol consumption, nicotine, hiatal
hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers,
calcium-channel blockers, and anticholinergics), nasogastric intubation, and delayed
gastric emptying - Answer-GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or when
recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, and
sensation of a lump in the throat. - Answer-GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer, and chronic
pulmonary disease - Answer-GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac disease - Answer-GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum - Answer-Peptic Ulcer Disease
(PUD)
Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use
(NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric tumors, and those for GERD. - Answer-
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration through the GI tract
wall. Develops because of an imbalance between destructive forces and protective
mechanisms - Answer-Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - Answer-Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric Ulcers
, Stress Ulcers
Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections. Typically present
with epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food - Answer-Duodenal ulcers
Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with malignancy and nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs. Pain typically worsens with eating. - Answer-Gastric Ulcers
Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body due to local tissue
ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the stomach, and decreased GI motility. -
Answer-Stress ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with burns - Answer-Curling's ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with head injuries - Answer-Cushing's ulcers
Most frequently develop in the stomach; multiple ulcers can form within hours of the
precipitating event. - Answer-Stress ulcers
Often hemorrhage is the first indicator because the ulcer develops rapidly and tends to
be masked by the primary problem - Answer-Stress ulcer
Complications of?: GI hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, and peritonitis - Answer-
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Manifestations of?: epigastric or abdominal pain, abdominal cramping, heartburn,
indigestion, nausea, and vomiting - Answer-Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine; it affects the mucosa and sometimes
other layers - Answer-Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Causes of?: Exposure to antibiotics, patients with cancer, or post abdominal surgery
susceptible, mediated by bacterial toxins - Answer-Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Manifestations of?: Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis -
Answer-Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. Most often caused by an infection. Triggers
local tissue edema, which obstructs the small structure. As fluid builds inside the
appendix, microorganisms proliferate - Answer-Appendicitis
The appendix fills with purulent exudate and area blood vessels become compressed -
Answer-Appendicitis
Ischemia and necrosis develop. The pressure inside the appendix escalates, forcing
bacteria and toxins out to surrounding structures. - Answer-Appendicitis
EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the entire stomach or a
region) - Answer-Gastritis
_________Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe ulceration with
hemorrhage - Answer-Acute Gastritis
_________ Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and
epigastric pain - Answer-Acute Gastritis
_________ Gastritis develops gradually. - Answer-Chronic Gastritis
Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive - Answer-Chronic Gastritis
Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort, and hematemesis.
- Answer-Acute Gastritis
Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric pain
and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake. - Answer-Chronic Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an infection or allergic
reaction - Answer-Gastroenteritis
Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as crohns disease - Answer-Chronic
Gastroenteritis
Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or undercooked chicken
or eggs - Answer-Acute Gastroenteritis
Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea, and vomiting -
Answer-Gastroenteritis
Most common cause of chronic gastritis - Answer-Helicobacter pylori
Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that cause
inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors (smoking and stress) may
increase the susceptibility - Answer-Helicobacter pylori
,Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water contamination, long-
term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, excessive alcohol use, severe stress,
autoimmune conditions, and other chronic disease - Answer-Gastritis
Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage - Answer-Chronic
Gastritis
Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal cramping,
nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise. Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can
indicate ulceration and bleeding. - Answer-Gastritis
Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus. Bile can also back
up into the esophagus. - Answer-GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa - Answer-GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated beverages, citrus fruit,
tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint), alcohol consumption, nicotine, hiatal
hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers,
calcium-channel blockers, and anticholinergics), nasogastric intubation, and delayed
gastric emptying - Answer-GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or when
recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, and
sensation of a lump in the throat. - Answer-GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer, and chronic
pulmonary disease - Answer-GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac disease - Answer-GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum - Answer-Peptic Ulcer Disease
(PUD)
Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use
(NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric tumors, and those for GERD. - Answer-
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration through the GI tract
wall. Develops because of an imbalance between destructive forces and protective
mechanisms - Answer-Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - Answer-Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric Ulcers
, Stress Ulcers
Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections. Typically present
with epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food - Answer-Duodenal ulcers
Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with malignancy and nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs. Pain typically worsens with eating. - Answer-Gastric Ulcers
Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body due to local tissue
ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the stomach, and decreased GI motility. -
Answer-Stress ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with burns - Answer-Curling's ulcers
Stress ulcers associated with head injuries - Answer-Cushing's ulcers
Most frequently develop in the stomach; multiple ulcers can form within hours of the
precipitating event. - Answer-Stress ulcers
Often hemorrhage is the first indicator because the ulcer develops rapidly and tends to
be masked by the primary problem - Answer-Stress ulcer
Complications of?: GI hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, and peritonitis - Answer-
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Manifestations of?: epigastric or abdominal pain, abdominal cramping, heartburn,
indigestion, nausea, and vomiting - Answer-Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine; it affects the mucosa and sometimes
other layers - Answer-Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Causes of?: Exposure to antibiotics, patients with cancer, or post abdominal surgery
susceptible, mediated by bacterial toxins - Answer-Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Manifestations of?: Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis -
Answer-Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. Most often caused by an infection. Triggers
local tissue edema, which obstructs the small structure. As fluid builds inside the
appendix, microorganisms proliferate - Answer-Appendicitis
The appendix fills with purulent exudate and area blood vessels become compressed -
Answer-Appendicitis
Ischemia and necrosis develop. The pressure inside the appendix escalates, forcing
bacteria and toxins out to surrounding structures. - Answer-Appendicitis
