URPN 202 STUDY GUIDE WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Why build better cities? - ANSWER Interconnectedness and complexity
What must planners consider? - ANSWER Aesthetics, a growing community,
location of facilities, avoiding densely and sparsely populated areas,
economic stability of community and minimalizing environmental damage
What is a city? - ANSWER Many definitions: density, crowding, clusters,
economic engines, infrastructure, elite (large human settlements)
Forces behind population growth - ANSWER Natural increase (birth minus
death), immigration, increased agricultural production (machinery), low cost
transportation (railroads and steamboats), and factory production (mass
production, workers, and housing)
Decentralization - ANSWER Converting the walking city into a metropolis.
Late 19th century. New technology emerged for the electric street car
(electric motor and power transmissions). Suburbanization was born
("outside" of the city) and electronic communication increased
The rush to the suburbs - ANSWER Mortgage financing, greater income, and
automobile ownership allowed for this movement
Defense Highway Act of 1956 - ANSWER Dwight Eisenhower. 41,000 miles of
highway. Commuting became even easier from and to the suburbs
Regional trend - ANSWER Per capita income (people made more money),
affluence and mailbox increase (life expectancy and SSI), A/C development
, made living in southern states more comfortable ("Frostbelt" to "Sunbelt")
Cities and the poor - ANSWER Selective migration, suburban migration
renters to homeowners, increase in agricultural production; decrease in
agricultural labor
Re-urbanization - ANSWER 1957 - births peaked at 4.31 million, 1970's -
million fewer births, 1980's and 1990's - "white flight" to escape crime
19th century reforms - ANSWER Sanitary reforms (water carriage system in
England), open space, and housing (subdivisions)
Why housing reform? - ANSWER Elite controlled structure of the cities.
Growth and higher land values disrupted spectator opportunities
Tenement House Committee (1898) - ANSWER Tenement Act of 1901.
Apartments: 1 bathroom, courtyard, and open space. In 1920, 40 cities
followed suit
Housing responsibility - ANSWER Europe: All governments responsibility.
Public money used for housing working poor. Government: landowner,
developer, financer.
United States: Housing controlled by the market, government controls the
market.
Municipal movements - ANSWER City improvement, art (European
inspiration: arches, plazas, circled traffic, fountains), and beautification
(union of art, civic improvement, and landscape design)
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Why build better cities? - ANSWER Interconnectedness and complexity
What must planners consider? - ANSWER Aesthetics, a growing community,
location of facilities, avoiding densely and sparsely populated areas,
economic stability of community and minimalizing environmental damage
What is a city? - ANSWER Many definitions: density, crowding, clusters,
economic engines, infrastructure, elite (large human settlements)
Forces behind population growth - ANSWER Natural increase (birth minus
death), immigration, increased agricultural production (machinery), low cost
transportation (railroads and steamboats), and factory production (mass
production, workers, and housing)
Decentralization - ANSWER Converting the walking city into a metropolis.
Late 19th century. New technology emerged for the electric street car
(electric motor and power transmissions). Suburbanization was born
("outside" of the city) and electronic communication increased
The rush to the suburbs - ANSWER Mortgage financing, greater income, and
automobile ownership allowed for this movement
Defense Highway Act of 1956 - ANSWER Dwight Eisenhower. 41,000 miles of
highway. Commuting became even easier from and to the suburbs
Regional trend - ANSWER Per capita income (people made more money),
affluence and mailbox increase (life expectancy and SSI), A/C development
, made living in southern states more comfortable ("Frostbelt" to "Sunbelt")
Cities and the poor - ANSWER Selective migration, suburban migration
renters to homeowners, increase in agricultural production; decrease in
agricultural labor
Re-urbanization - ANSWER 1957 - births peaked at 4.31 million, 1970's -
million fewer births, 1980's and 1990's - "white flight" to escape crime
19th century reforms - ANSWER Sanitary reforms (water carriage system in
England), open space, and housing (subdivisions)
Why housing reform? - ANSWER Elite controlled structure of the cities.
Growth and higher land values disrupted spectator opportunities
Tenement House Committee (1898) - ANSWER Tenement Act of 1901.
Apartments: 1 bathroom, courtyard, and open space. In 1920, 40 cities
followed suit
Housing responsibility - ANSWER Europe: All governments responsibility.
Public money used for housing working poor. Government: landowner,
developer, financer.
United States: Housing controlled by the market, government controls the
market.
Municipal movements - ANSWER City improvement, art (European
inspiration: arches, plazas, circled traffic, fountains), and beautification
(union of art, civic improvement, and landscape design)
