Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Immunity

Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Immunity
Cellular Adaptation - Cells react to environmental stress by changing in size, number, or structure to
maintain integrity and function.



Atrophy - Decrease in cell size.



Hypertrophy - Increase in cell size.



Hyperplasia - Increase in cell number.



Metaplasia - Reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type.



Dysplasia - Deranged cellular growth.



Apoptosis - Programmed cell death where the cell shrinks, forms blebs, and is phagocytized.



Oncosis - Cell death characterized by inflammation and swelling.



Necrosis - Secondary process after cells have died, caused by premature cell death and accumulation of
dead tissue.



Stressor - Triggers stress response in hypothalamus



Sympathetic Branch of ANS - Activated during stress response

, Pituitary Gland - Part of stress response initiation



Stage of Resistance - Coping mechanisms utilized



Stage of Exhaustion - Body can't produce alarm hormones, leading to disease onset



Factors Influencing Adaptation - Includes genetics, age, gender, health status, nutrition, and
psychosocial factors



Catecholamines - Neurotransmitters in fight or flight response



Epinephrine - Also known as adrenaline, increases heart rate and contractility



Cortisol - Endogenous corticosteroid involved in stress response



Gluconeogenesis - Cortisol function in creating glucose from non-carbohydrate sources



Lipolysis - Cortisol function in breaking down fats



Lipogenesis - Cortisol function in creating fats



Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis - Regulates stress response



Innate Immunity - First line of defense against pathogens



Adaptive Immunity - Immunity acquired through exposure