Praxis: Early Childhood PLT 5621
Questions And Answers Latest Top Score.
behaviorism - correct answer. learning through direct interaction with the
environment;motivation is often the result of drives, internal states caused by a lack of
something necessary for optimal functioning. Consequences of behavior (reinforcement,
punishment) are effective only to the extent that they either increase or decrease a
learner's drive state (Skinner, Watson, Thorndike)
social learning (cognitive) theory - correct answer. learning from observing one
another; modeling; environmental stimuli affect behavior; importance of self-efficacy;
human behavior is typically goal directed (Bandura)
self-efficacy - correct answer. extent to which a person believes they can
successfully do a task
self-regulation - correct answer. taking charge of and directing own actions
information processing theory - correct answer. focuses on the cognitive processes
involved in learning, memory, and performance; human thinking is similar to how a
computer works;
constructivism - correct answer. people create knowledge through observations and
experience; people combine much of what they learn into integrated bodies of
knowledge and beliefs (schemas); by working together, two or more people can often
gain better understandings than anyone could gain alone (social constructivism)
sociocultural theory - correct answer. emphasize that the social, cultural, and
historical contexts in which children grow up have profound influences on thinking,
learning, and effective instructional practice; Because of their varying environments,
historical circumstances, and needs, different cultures have developed somewhat
different ways of thinking, learning, and teaching
, classical conditioning (Pavlov) - correct answer. when automatic and reflexive
responses to stimuli become associated with new stimuli that previously had no effect
(When a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a buzzer regularly paired with the puff of air) evokes
a conditioned response (e.g., blinking), learning has occurred)
operant conditioning (Skinner) - correct answer. occurs as a result of the
consequences of behavior; Behaviors that are reinforced are strengthened — they are
repeated. Reinforcers can be positive (e.g., presentation of a reward) or negative (e.g.,
removal of an aversive stimulus). Behaviors that are punished are extinguished;
punishments, too can be positive (e.g., presentation of an aversive stimulus) or negative
(removal of a positive stimulus)
sensory register (short term memory) - correct answer. Component of memory that
holds incoming information in an unanalyzed form for a very brief time (perhaps one to
two seconds)
working memory - correct answer. Component of memory that holds and actively
thinks about and processes a limited amount of information
long term memory - correct answer. Component of memory that holds knowledge
and skills for a relatively long time
semantic knowledge - correct answer. Knowledge of the meanings of words and
word combinations
procedural knowledge - correct answer. Knowledge concerning how to do
something (e.g., a skill)
how to move info into long term memory - correct answer. Rehearsal
Meaningful learning
Elaboration
Organization
Visual imagery
Mnemonics
accommodation - correct answer. required when people must incorporate a new
experience by modifying an old scheme or forming a new scheme (The period of flux
when individuals are attempting to adjust prior schemes with new experiences that do
not fit into their existing schemes is known as disequilibrium, and the process of moving
from disequilibrium to a new state of learning is known as equilibration)
assimilation - correct answer. when people deal with a new experience in a manner
that is consistent with a present scheme
Questions And Answers Latest Top Score.
behaviorism - correct answer. learning through direct interaction with the
environment;motivation is often the result of drives, internal states caused by a lack of
something necessary for optimal functioning. Consequences of behavior (reinforcement,
punishment) are effective only to the extent that they either increase or decrease a
learner's drive state (Skinner, Watson, Thorndike)
social learning (cognitive) theory - correct answer. learning from observing one
another; modeling; environmental stimuli affect behavior; importance of self-efficacy;
human behavior is typically goal directed (Bandura)
self-efficacy - correct answer. extent to which a person believes they can
successfully do a task
self-regulation - correct answer. taking charge of and directing own actions
information processing theory - correct answer. focuses on the cognitive processes
involved in learning, memory, and performance; human thinking is similar to how a
computer works;
constructivism - correct answer. people create knowledge through observations and
experience; people combine much of what they learn into integrated bodies of
knowledge and beliefs (schemas); by working together, two or more people can often
gain better understandings than anyone could gain alone (social constructivism)
sociocultural theory - correct answer. emphasize that the social, cultural, and
historical contexts in which children grow up have profound influences on thinking,
learning, and effective instructional practice; Because of their varying environments,
historical circumstances, and needs, different cultures have developed somewhat
different ways of thinking, learning, and teaching
, classical conditioning (Pavlov) - correct answer. when automatic and reflexive
responses to stimuli become associated with new stimuli that previously had no effect
(When a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a buzzer regularly paired with the puff of air) evokes
a conditioned response (e.g., blinking), learning has occurred)
operant conditioning (Skinner) - correct answer. occurs as a result of the
consequences of behavior; Behaviors that are reinforced are strengthened — they are
repeated. Reinforcers can be positive (e.g., presentation of a reward) or negative (e.g.,
removal of an aversive stimulus). Behaviors that are punished are extinguished;
punishments, too can be positive (e.g., presentation of an aversive stimulus) or negative
(removal of a positive stimulus)
sensory register (short term memory) - correct answer. Component of memory that
holds incoming information in an unanalyzed form for a very brief time (perhaps one to
two seconds)
working memory - correct answer. Component of memory that holds and actively
thinks about and processes a limited amount of information
long term memory - correct answer. Component of memory that holds knowledge
and skills for a relatively long time
semantic knowledge - correct answer. Knowledge of the meanings of words and
word combinations
procedural knowledge - correct answer. Knowledge concerning how to do
something (e.g., a skill)
how to move info into long term memory - correct answer. Rehearsal
Meaningful learning
Elaboration
Organization
Visual imagery
Mnemonics
accommodation - correct answer. required when people must incorporate a new
experience by modifying an old scheme or forming a new scheme (The period of flux
when individuals are attempting to adjust prior schemes with new experiences that do
not fit into their existing schemes is known as disequilibrium, and the process of moving
from disequilibrium to a new state of learning is known as equilibration)
assimilation - correct answer. when people deal with a new experience in a manner
that is consistent with a present scheme
