©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
PDB CEN Cardiovascular Review Exam
Questions and Answers 100% Solved
Cardiac output - ✔✔HR x SV
What is stroke volume influenced by? - ✔✔Contractility
Preload
Afterload
What is preload (volume) evaluated by on right? - ✔✔Central venous
pressure (CVP)
When is preload decreased? - ✔✔When hypovolemic & from vasodilators
When is preload increased? - ✔✔By volume & vasoconstrictors
Treatment to increase preload - ✔✔Fluids/blood
Treatment to decrease preload - ✔✔Diuretics, like Lasix
What is afterload evaluated by? - ✔✔Systemic vascular resistance
When is afterload decreased? - ✔✔In distributive shocks (neurogenic,
septic, and anaphylactic) & by vasodilators
Treatment to increase afterload - ✔✔Vasopressors like norepinephrine
,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
When is afterload increased? - ✔✔In hypertension, aortic stenosis, and
through other shock compensation
Treatment to decrease afterload - ✔✔Vasodilators like nitroglycerin
What does stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system release and what
does it cause the body to do? - ✔✔Catecholamines, epinephrine, and
norepinephrine, which increases heart rate in response to shock
What does the adrenal gland release and what does it do? -
✔✔Catecholamines, which increases blood sugar through glycogenolysis
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do to the heart? -
✔✔Decreases HR, like vagal response and neurogenic shock (blocks
sympathetic response)
Mean arterial pressure formula - ✔✔((2 x DBP) + SBP) / 3
Pulse pressure (PP) formula - ✔✔SBP - DBP
When is narrowed pulse pressure seen? - ✔✔In early shock
When is widened pulse pressure seen? - ✔✔In increased ICP
What does Cushing Triad indicate? - ✔✔Increased ICP
What is Cushing Triad? - ✔✔Widened pulse pressure or increased SBP
Bradycardia
, ©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
Irregular breathing pattern
What do chronotropes affect? - ✔✔The heart rate at the SA node
What type of -trope is cardizem? - ✔✔A negative chronotrope
What do inotropes affect? - ✔✔Contractility of the heart (the force of the
contraction)
What type of drugs are dopamine and dobutamine? - ✔✔Positive inotropes
What do dromotropes affect? - ✔✔Automaticity of the heart at the AV node
(electrical impulses)
Beta blockers end in... - ✔✔-olol
What do Beta 1 beta-blockers affect? - ✔✔The heart
What do Beta 2 beta-blockers affect? - ✔✔The heart and lungs
What can beta blockers mask signs of? - ✔✔Shock and hypoglycemia
What do angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors affect and what
do they do? - ✔✔The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS); they
block conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, reducing BP
What are examples of ACE Inhibitors? - ✔✔Lisinopril, Lotensin, Vasotec
What are adverse effects of ACE Inhibitors? - ✔✔Dry nonproductive cough
- most common
PDB CEN Cardiovascular Review Exam
Questions and Answers 100% Solved
Cardiac output - ✔✔HR x SV
What is stroke volume influenced by? - ✔✔Contractility
Preload
Afterload
What is preload (volume) evaluated by on right? - ✔✔Central venous
pressure (CVP)
When is preload decreased? - ✔✔When hypovolemic & from vasodilators
When is preload increased? - ✔✔By volume & vasoconstrictors
Treatment to increase preload - ✔✔Fluids/blood
Treatment to decrease preload - ✔✔Diuretics, like Lasix
What is afterload evaluated by? - ✔✔Systemic vascular resistance
When is afterload decreased? - ✔✔In distributive shocks (neurogenic,
septic, and anaphylactic) & by vasodilators
Treatment to increase afterload - ✔✔Vasopressors like norepinephrine
,©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
When is afterload increased? - ✔✔In hypertension, aortic stenosis, and
through other shock compensation
Treatment to decrease afterload - ✔✔Vasodilators like nitroglycerin
What does stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system release and what
does it cause the body to do? - ✔✔Catecholamines, epinephrine, and
norepinephrine, which increases heart rate in response to shock
What does the adrenal gland release and what does it do? -
✔✔Catecholamines, which increases blood sugar through glycogenolysis
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do to the heart? -
✔✔Decreases HR, like vagal response and neurogenic shock (blocks
sympathetic response)
Mean arterial pressure formula - ✔✔((2 x DBP) + SBP) / 3
Pulse pressure (PP) formula - ✔✔SBP - DBP
When is narrowed pulse pressure seen? - ✔✔In early shock
When is widened pulse pressure seen? - ✔✔In increased ICP
What does Cushing Triad indicate? - ✔✔Increased ICP
What is Cushing Triad? - ✔✔Widened pulse pressure or increased SBP
Bradycardia
, ©NINJANERD 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
Irregular breathing pattern
What do chronotropes affect? - ✔✔The heart rate at the SA node
What type of -trope is cardizem? - ✔✔A negative chronotrope
What do inotropes affect? - ✔✔Contractility of the heart (the force of the
contraction)
What type of drugs are dopamine and dobutamine? - ✔✔Positive inotropes
What do dromotropes affect? - ✔✔Automaticity of the heart at the AV node
(electrical impulses)
Beta blockers end in... - ✔✔-olol
What do Beta 1 beta-blockers affect? - ✔✔The heart
What do Beta 2 beta-blockers affect? - ✔✔The heart and lungs
What can beta blockers mask signs of? - ✔✔Shock and hypoglycemia
What do angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors affect and what
do they do? - ✔✔The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS); they
block conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, reducing BP
What are examples of ACE Inhibitors? - ✔✔Lisinopril, Lotensin, Vasotec
What are adverse effects of ACE Inhibitors? - ✔✔Dry nonproductive cough
- most common
