AQA Psychology A-Level Paper 2 QUESTIONS WITH
100% CORRECT ANSWERS 2024/2025(A+ GRADED
VERIFIED)
Wilhelm Wundt - Answer- First Psychologist
- First Lab in Germany
- Experimental Conditions
- Structuralism and Introspection
.Introspection - AnswerPerson Gains knowledge about their mental state by examining
their conscious thoughts and feelings
.Empiricism - AnswerKnowledge is derived from sensory experience, characterised by
the use of the scientific method
.Scientific Method - AnswerThe investigative methods that are:
- Objective
- Systematic
- Reliable
.Evaluation of Wundt - Answer- methods were unreliable as it relied on non-observable
- Introspection is not accurate because people are often unaware of are behaviours
.Evaluation of the Scientific Approach - Answer- its objective and systematic
- Rely on determinism
- Self corrective
- Create non-naturalistic environments
- Human behaviour is not always observable to the rules of science
.Classical Conditioning - AnswerPavlov - When a neutral stimulus is consistently paired
with an unconditional stimulus so that it takes on the properties on the stimulus and is
able to produced a conditioned response
.Classical Conditioning steps - AnswerUCS -> UCR
NS -> No Response
UCS+NS -> UCR
CS -> CR
.Features of CC - Answer- If time interval is too great between conditioning it does not
work
- CR will become extinct in the absence of the UCS after a while
- If extinct and paired again they pair more quickly (Spontaneous Recovery)
,- Stimulus generalisation, CR is created to things similar to CS
.Operant Conditioning - AnswerSkinner - Learning through reinforcement or
punishment, a behaviour is more likely if followed by a desirable concequence
.Positive Reinforcement - AnswerBehaviour Produces a response that is desirable
.Negative Reinforcement - AnswerDoing something to stop unpleasant response
.Reinforcement - AnswerStrengthening a response
.Punishment - AnswerAn unpleasant consequence following a behaviour
.Features of Classical Conditioning - Answer- Scheduling reinforcement makes it
stronger
- Punishment
.Evaluation of Classical Conditioning - Answer- Applications in treatment of phobias
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans because they have different needs
to learn
.Evaluation of Operant Conditioning - Answer- Use of experimental method
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans
.Modelling - AnswerIndividuals learn behaviour be observing others
.Imitation - AnswerCopying a models behaviour
.Identification - AnswerIndividual adopts attitudes and behaviours of a model because
they want to be like them
.Vicarious Reinforcement - AnswerIndividuals learn about the likely consequences by
observing a model's experiences and adjust their behaviour to obtain the same
experience
.The Role of the meditational Processes - AnswerObserver forms a mental
representation pf the behaviour displayed of the model and the probable consequences
it will also happen to them
.Evaluation of Social Learning Theory - Answer- Applications in human behaviour
- research support (Bandura)
- Problems with causality, it may not be observing but rather people already have this a
try to find people similar
- Approach disregards other potential influences like gender
, .Bandura Procedures - AnswerChildren were exposed to aggressive or non aggressive
models interacting with a bobo doll
.Bandura Findings - AnswerChildren who had aggressive models were aggressive to
the doll
Children who had non-aggressive models were not aggressive to the doll
.Cognitive - AnswerRefers to mental processes such as perception, memory and
reasoning
.Schema - AnswerA cognitive framework that helps us organise and interpret
information
.Why are Schemas useful? - AnswerThey help us make sense of new information by
filling in gaps
.Theoretical Models - AnswerPictorial representations of cognitive processes based on
research evidence
.Computer Model - AnswerComputer analogy of input process storage output to
represent the human cognitive
.Cognitive Neuroscience - Answernon-invasive imaging techniques such as PET and
fMRI scans to help psychologists understand how the brain works
.PET - AnswerPositron emission tomography
.fMRI - AnswerFunctional Magnetic Resonance imaging
.Evaluation of the Cognitive Approach - Answer- Applications in social cognition,
dysfunctional behaviour
- Scientific
- Computer models are to simplistic for a human mind, and at the same time suggest
that we never forget or never make mistakes
- ignores emotion and motivation (tells us how not why)
- Lack ecological validity
.Biological Approach - AnswerViews humans as biological organisms and provides
biological explanations for all psychological functioning
.Genes - AnswerA part of the chromosome that carries genetic information
.Genotype - AnswerThe genetic make-up of an individual
.Phenotype - AnswerThe observable characteristics of an individual
100% CORRECT ANSWERS 2024/2025(A+ GRADED
VERIFIED)
Wilhelm Wundt - Answer- First Psychologist
- First Lab in Germany
- Experimental Conditions
- Structuralism and Introspection
.Introspection - AnswerPerson Gains knowledge about their mental state by examining
their conscious thoughts and feelings
.Empiricism - AnswerKnowledge is derived from sensory experience, characterised by
the use of the scientific method
.Scientific Method - AnswerThe investigative methods that are:
- Objective
- Systematic
- Reliable
.Evaluation of Wundt - Answer- methods were unreliable as it relied on non-observable
- Introspection is not accurate because people are often unaware of are behaviours
.Evaluation of the Scientific Approach - Answer- its objective and systematic
- Rely on determinism
- Self corrective
- Create non-naturalistic environments
- Human behaviour is not always observable to the rules of science
.Classical Conditioning - AnswerPavlov - When a neutral stimulus is consistently paired
with an unconditional stimulus so that it takes on the properties on the stimulus and is
able to produced a conditioned response
.Classical Conditioning steps - AnswerUCS -> UCR
NS -> No Response
UCS+NS -> UCR
CS -> CR
.Features of CC - Answer- If time interval is too great between conditioning it does not
work
- CR will become extinct in the absence of the UCS after a while
- If extinct and paired again they pair more quickly (Spontaneous Recovery)
,- Stimulus generalisation, CR is created to things similar to CS
.Operant Conditioning - AnswerSkinner - Learning through reinforcement or
punishment, a behaviour is more likely if followed by a desirable concequence
.Positive Reinforcement - AnswerBehaviour Produces a response that is desirable
.Negative Reinforcement - AnswerDoing something to stop unpleasant response
.Reinforcement - AnswerStrengthening a response
.Punishment - AnswerAn unpleasant consequence following a behaviour
.Features of Classical Conditioning - Answer- Scheduling reinforcement makes it
stronger
- Punishment
.Evaluation of Classical Conditioning - Answer- Applications in treatment of phobias
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans because they have different needs
to learn
.Evaluation of Operant Conditioning - Answer- Use of experimental method
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans
.Modelling - AnswerIndividuals learn behaviour be observing others
.Imitation - AnswerCopying a models behaviour
.Identification - AnswerIndividual adopts attitudes and behaviours of a model because
they want to be like them
.Vicarious Reinforcement - AnswerIndividuals learn about the likely consequences by
observing a model's experiences and adjust their behaviour to obtain the same
experience
.The Role of the meditational Processes - AnswerObserver forms a mental
representation pf the behaviour displayed of the model and the probable consequences
it will also happen to them
.Evaluation of Social Learning Theory - Answer- Applications in human behaviour
- research support (Bandura)
- Problems with causality, it may not be observing but rather people already have this a
try to find people similar
- Approach disregards other potential influences like gender
, .Bandura Procedures - AnswerChildren were exposed to aggressive or non aggressive
models interacting with a bobo doll
.Bandura Findings - AnswerChildren who had aggressive models were aggressive to
the doll
Children who had non-aggressive models were not aggressive to the doll
.Cognitive - AnswerRefers to mental processes such as perception, memory and
reasoning
.Schema - AnswerA cognitive framework that helps us organise and interpret
information
.Why are Schemas useful? - AnswerThey help us make sense of new information by
filling in gaps
.Theoretical Models - AnswerPictorial representations of cognitive processes based on
research evidence
.Computer Model - AnswerComputer analogy of input process storage output to
represent the human cognitive
.Cognitive Neuroscience - Answernon-invasive imaging techniques such as PET and
fMRI scans to help psychologists understand how the brain works
.PET - AnswerPositron emission tomography
.fMRI - AnswerFunctional Magnetic Resonance imaging
.Evaluation of the Cognitive Approach - Answer- Applications in social cognition,
dysfunctional behaviour
- Scientific
- Computer models are to simplistic for a human mind, and at the same time suggest
that we never forget or never make mistakes
- ignores emotion and motivation (tells us how not why)
- Lack ecological validity
.Biological Approach - AnswerViews humans as biological organisms and provides
biological explanations for all psychological functioning
.Genes - AnswerA part of the chromosome that carries genetic information
.Genotype - AnswerThe genetic make-up of an individual
.Phenotype - AnswerThe observable characteristics of an individual
