Abdominal Sonography Questions ARDMS review
Abdominal Sonography Questions
ARDMS Review 2024 Graded A
example of prehepatic portal hypertension -Answer- ✔portal vein thrombosis
example of intrahepatic portal hypertension -Answer- ✔cirrhosis
example of posthepatic portal hypertension -Answer- ✔Budd-Chiari syndrome
identify causes of renal vein thrombosis -Answer- ✔1. IVC or renal vein extrinsic
compression
2. nephrotic syndrome
3. renal tumors
4. renal allografts
5. trauma
list 4 sonographic indications for acute renal vein thrombosis -Answer- ✔1. dilated
thrombosed renal vein
2. absence of venous flow within the kidney
3. enlarged hypoechoic kidney
4. high resistive renal artery waveform
what is the most common cause of acute renal failure? -Answer- ✔acute tubular
necrosis is the most common cause of acute renal failure. causes include: shock,
trauma, sepsis and drug toxicity. renal enlargement and increased resistive index may
be seen associated with ATN.
sonographically, how is obstructive nephropathy differentiated from nonobstructive
nephropathy? -Answer- ✔obstructive nephropathy (hydronephrosis) is diagnosed using
an intrarenal resistivity index (RI) threshold of greater than 0.7. this method of
determining obstruction is only relevant to acute obstruction. the resistive index may be
normal in chronic obstruction. nonobstructive nephropathy will have resistive index
values of less than 0.7.
ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction is a common congenital anomaly. what
genitourinary tract anomaly is commonly associated with contralateral UPJ obstruction?
-Answer- ✔unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney is commonly associated with a
contralateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction.
renal calculi are the most common cause of obstruction in patients with acute flank pain.
name three common locations within the urinary tract for obstruction from a renal
calculi. -Answer- ✔1. ureterovesical junction(most common***)
2. ureteropelvic junction
Abdominal Sonography Questions ARDMS review
,Abdominal Sonography Questions ARDMS review
3. ureteric obstruction at level of pelvic inlet
resistive index is a measurement used to evaluate renal transplants, assess suspected
hydronephrosis, evaluate medical renal disease, and evaluate suspected renal
neoplasms. what is the formula for resistive index? -Answer- ✔resistive index= Peak
systolic freq-end diastolic freq/
peak systolic freq
describe the waveform characteristics of the arterial side of an arteriovenous fistula -
Answer- ✔the waveform of the arterial side of an arteriovenous fistula demonstrates an
abnormally low resistive arterial flow pattern. this means a waveform with increased and
sustained diastolic flow.
describe the waveform characteristics of the venous side of an arteriovenous fistula -
Answer- ✔the venous side of an arteriovenous fistula demonstrates a waveform with
increased velocity, pulsatility and with spectral broadening due to turbulence.
list 4 sonographic criteria for determining renal artery stenosis -Answer- ✔1. kidney size
less than 9 cm in length
2. peak main renal artery velocity > 180 cm/sec
3. renal artery/aorta ratio > 3.5
4. intrarenal parvus tardus waveform
describe the sonographic appearance of a ureterocele -Answer- ✔round, cystic
structures that project into the bladder lumen at the ureterovesical junction
name the structure that connects the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus -Answer-
✔median umbilical ligament ( urachus)
what is the term that describes cystic dilatation of the median umbilical ligament
(urachus) -Answer- ✔urachal cyst - seen as an echo-free tubular structure in the lower
abdomen that extends from the umbilicus to the dome of the bladder
what object is placed in the IVC to prevent the ascension of lower extremity thrombus
into the lungs? -Answer- ✔Greenfield Filter
what role can ultrasound play in the evaluation of the Greenfield filter? -Answer- ✔can
determine location
trace the sequence of branching renal arteries from the aorta to the renal capsule -
Answer- ✔main renal artery
segmental arteries
interlobar arteries
arcuate arteries
interlobar arteries
Abdominal Sonography Questions ARDMS review
, Abdominal Sonography Questions ARDMS review
which arteries of the kidneys are positioned between the medullary pyramids? -Answer-
✔interlobar arteries
which arteries of the kidney are parallel to the base of the medullary pyramids? -
Answer- ✔arcuate arteries
pneumocystic carinii is the most common organism causing an infection in AIDS
patients. Name 8 other disorders associated with AIDS patients -Answer- ✔1. fatty liver
infiltration
2. hepatomegaly
3. hepatits
4. non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
5. candidiasis
6. cholangitis
7. cholecystitis
8. Kaposi's sarcoma
what finding is a common complication of renal transplantation and gynecologic,
vascular, or urological surgery?
What causes this complication? -Answer- ✔lymphoceles are common complications of
pelvic surgery
lymphoceles are caused by leakage of lymph from a renal allograft, or by surgical
disruption of the lymphatic channels
what are the sonographic findings associated with acute rejection of a renal transplant?
-Answer- ✔enlarged transplant
decreased cortical echogenicity
indistinct corticomedullary boundary
prominent hypoechoic medullary pyramids
peritransplant fluid collections
which lab value is most specific for hepatocellular damage? -Answer- ✔ALT, formerly
known as SGPT, is the lab value most specific for hepatocellular damage
ALT is present in high concentration within the hepatocytes.
why is AST not specific for liver damage? -Answer- ✔AST has a wide tissue distribution.
it is present in the tissue of the liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney and brain. thus, by
itself, elevation of AST is non-specific for liver disease. however, it is very sensitive for
liver disease, and is elevated in almost all cases of significant hepatocellular disease
name 3 abdominal masses associated with the elevation of alpha-fetoprotein -Answer-
✔HCC
METS
hepatoblastoma
Abdominal Sonography Questions ARDMS review
Abdominal Sonography Questions
ARDMS Review 2024 Graded A
example of prehepatic portal hypertension -Answer- ✔portal vein thrombosis
example of intrahepatic portal hypertension -Answer- ✔cirrhosis
example of posthepatic portal hypertension -Answer- ✔Budd-Chiari syndrome
identify causes of renal vein thrombosis -Answer- ✔1. IVC or renal vein extrinsic
compression
2. nephrotic syndrome
3. renal tumors
4. renal allografts
5. trauma
list 4 sonographic indications for acute renal vein thrombosis -Answer- ✔1. dilated
thrombosed renal vein
2. absence of venous flow within the kidney
3. enlarged hypoechoic kidney
4. high resistive renal artery waveform
what is the most common cause of acute renal failure? -Answer- ✔acute tubular
necrosis is the most common cause of acute renal failure. causes include: shock,
trauma, sepsis and drug toxicity. renal enlargement and increased resistive index may
be seen associated with ATN.
sonographically, how is obstructive nephropathy differentiated from nonobstructive
nephropathy? -Answer- ✔obstructive nephropathy (hydronephrosis) is diagnosed using
an intrarenal resistivity index (RI) threshold of greater than 0.7. this method of
determining obstruction is only relevant to acute obstruction. the resistive index may be
normal in chronic obstruction. nonobstructive nephropathy will have resistive index
values of less than 0.7.
ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction is a common congenital anomaly. what
genitourinary tract anomaly is commonly associated with contralateral UPJ obstruction?
-Answer- ✔unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney is commonly associated with a
contralateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction.
renal calculi are the most common cause of obstruction in patients with acute flank pain.
name three common locations within the urinary tract for obstruction from a renal
calculi. -Answer- ✔1. ureterovesical junction(most common***)
2. ureteropelvic junction
Abdominal Sonography Questions ARDMS review
,Abdominal Sonography Questions ARDMS review
3. ureteric obstruction at level of pelvic inlet
resistive index is a measurement used to evaluate renal transplants, assess suspected
hydronephrosis, evaluate medical renal disease, and evaluate suspected renal
neoplasms. what is the formula for resistive index? -Answer- ✔resistive index= Peak
systolic freq-end diastolic freq/
peak systolic freq
describe the waveform characteristics of the arterial side of an arteriovenous fistula -
Answer- ✔the waveform of the arterial side of an arteriovenous fistula demonstrates an
abnormally low resistive arterial flow pattern. this means a waveform with increased and
sustained diastolic flow.
describe the waveform characteristics of the venous side of an arteriovenous fistula -
Answer- ✔the venous side of an arteriovenous fistula demonstrates a waveform with
increased velocity, pulsatility and with spectral broadening due to turbulence.
list 4 sonographic criteria for determining renal artery stenosis -Answer- ✔1. kidney size
less than 9 cm in length
2. peak main renal artery velocity > 180 cm/sec
3. renal artery/aorta ratio > 3.5
4. intrarenal parvus tardus waveform
describe the sonographic appearance of a ureterocele -Answer- ✔round, cystic
structures that project into the bladder lumen at the ureterovesical junction
name the structure that connects the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus -Answer-
✔median umbilical ligament ( urachus)
what is the term that describes cystic dilatation of the median umbilical ligament
(urachus) -Answer- ✔urachal cyst - seen as an echo-free tubular structure in the lower
abdomen that extends from the umbilicus to the dome of the bladder
what object is placed in the IVC to prevent the ascension of lower extremity thrombus
into the lungs? -Answer- ✔Greenfield Filter
what role can ultrasound play in the evaluation of the Greenfield filter? -Answer- ✔can
determine location
trace the sequence of branching renal arteries from the aorta to the renal capsule -
Answer- ✔main renal artery
segmental arteries
interlobar arteries
arcuate arteries
interlobar arteries
Abdominal Sonography Questions ARDMS review
, Abdominal Sonography Questions ARDMS review
which arteries of the kidneys are positioned between the medullary pyramids? -Answer-
✔interlobar arteries
which arteries of the kidney are parallel to the base of the medullary pyramids? -
Answer- ✔arcuate arteries
pneumocystic carinii is the most common organism causing an infection in AIDS
patients. Name 8 other disorders associated with AIDS patients -Answer- ✔1. fatty liver
infiltration
2. hepatomegaly
3. hepatits
4. non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
5. candidiasis
6. cholangitis
7. cholecystitis
8. Kaposi's sarcoma
what finding is a common complication of renal transplantation and gynecologic,
vascular, or urological surgery?
What causes this complication? -Answer- ✔lymphoceles are common complications of
pelvic surgery
lymphoceles are caused by leakage of lymph from a renal allograft, or by surgical
disruption of the lymphatic channels
what are the sonographic findings associated with acute rejection of a renal transplant?
-Answer- ✔enlarged transplant
decreased cortical echogenicity
indistinct corticomedullary boundary
prominent hypoechoic medullary pyramids
peritransplant fluid collections
which lab value is most specific for hepatocellular damage? -Answer- ✔ALT, formerly
known as SGPT, is the lab value most specific for hepatocellular damage
ALT is present in high concentration within the hepatocytes.
why is AST not specific for liver damage? -Answer- ✔AST has a wide tissue distribution.
it is present in the tissue of the liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney and brain. thus, by
itself, elevation of AST is non-specific for liver disease. however, it is very sensitive for
liver disease, and is elevated in almost all cases of significant hepatocellular disease
name 3 abdominal masses associated with the elevation of alpha-fetoprotein -Answer-
✔HCC
METS
hepatoblastoma
Abdominal Sonography Questions ARDMS review
