NSC 503 Exam 2 UPDATED ACTUAL
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Which action is a purpose of the inflammatory process?
a. To provide specific responses toward antigens
b. To lyse cell membranes of microorganisms
c. To prevent infection of the injured tissue
d. To create immunity against subsequent tissue injury - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- ANS: C
If the epithelial barrier is damaged, then a highly efficient local and systemic response
(inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of damage, to protect against infection, and to
initiate the repair of damaged tissue. The response to a specific offending agent is the
function of
the adaptive immune response. Lysosomes lyse cell membranes. Immunity against a
subsequent
tissue injury occurs through the action of B cells and T cells.
How do surfactant proteins A through D provide innate resistance?
a. Initiate the complement cascade.
b. Promote phagocytosis.
c. Secrete mucus.
d. Synthesize lysosomes. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- ANS: B.
The lung produces and secretes a family of glycoproteins, collectins, which includes
surfactant
proteins A through D and mannose-binding lectin. Collectin binding facilitates macrophages
to
recognize the microorganism, enhancing macrophage attachment, phagocytosis, and killing.
The
complement cascade occurs during the inflammatory phase. These proteins do not secrete
mucus
of synthesize lysosomes
Which secretion is a first line of defense against pathogen invasion that involves antibacterial
and antifungal fatty acids, as well as lactic acid?
,a. Optic tears
b. Oral saliva
c. Sweat gland perspiration
d. Sebaceous gland sebum - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- ANS: D
Sebaceous glands in the skin secrete sebum that is made up of antibacterial and antifungal
fatty
acids and lactic acid that provide the first-line barrier against pathogen invasion. Perspiration,
tears, and saliva contain an enzyme (lysozyme) that attacks the cell walls of gram-positive
bacteria
Which bacterium grows in the intestines after prolonged antibiotic therapy?
a. Lactobacillus
b. Candida albicans
c. Clostridium difficile
d. Helicobacter pylori - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- ANS: C
Prolonged antibiotic treatment can alter the normal intestinal flora, decreasing its protective
activity and leading to the overgrowth of other microorganisms, such as the bacterium
C. difficile in the colon C. albicans can overgrow in the vagina but does not usually cause
intestinal issues. Lactobacillus
and Helicobacter also do not produce intestinal overgrowth problems with antibiotic use
What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?
a. Vasodilation of blood vessels
b. Increased capillary permeability
c. Endothelial cell expansion
d. Emigration of neutrophil - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- ANS: B
The increased flow and capillary permeability result in a leakage of plasma from the vessels,
causing swelling (edema) in the surrounding tissue and is solely responsible for
inflammation- induced edema. Vasodilation (increased size of the blood vessels) causes
slower blood velocity and increases blood flow to the injured site. Endothelial cell
contraction (not expansion) leads to increased capillary permeability. Emigration of
neutrophils to the area of infection/injury leads to increased destruction of the offending
agent.
,What process causes heat and redness to occur during the inflammatory process?
a. Vasodilation of blood vessels
b. Platelet aggregation
c. Decreased capillary permeability
d. Endothelial cell contraction - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- ANS: A
The increased blood flow as a result of vasodilation and increasing concentration of red cells
at the site of inflammation cause locally increased warmth and redness. Platelet aggregation
is important in the clotting cascade. Decreased capillary permeability would affect local
edema. Endothelial cell contraction leads to increased capillary permeability and the
formation of edema
What does activation of the classical pathway begin with?
a. Viruses
b. Antigen-antibody complexes
c. Mast cells
d. Macrophages - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- ANS: B
Activation of the classical pathway begins only with the activation of protein C1 and is
preceded by the formation of a complex between an antigen and an antibody to form an
antigen-antibody complex (immune complex). Infection with a virus can lead to the start of
the inflammatory process, but is not the specific activation factor. Mast cells release the
contents of their granules to initiate synthesis of other mediators of inflammation among
other actions. Macrophages are one cell type involved in phagocytosis.
What plasma protein system forms a fibrinous meshwork at an inflamed site? a. Complement
b. Coagulation
c. Kinin
d. Fibrinolysis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- ANS: B
The coagulation (clotting) system is a group of plasma proteins that form a fibrinous
meshwork at an injured or inflamed site. This protein system (1) prevents the spread of
infection to adjacent tissues, (2) traps microorganisms and foreign bodies at the site of
inflammation for removal by infiltrating cells (e.g., neutrophils and macrophages), (3) forms
a clot that stops the bleeding, and (4) provides a framework for future repair and healing. The
complement system, kinins, and fibrinolysis do not form a fibrinous meshwork at an inflamed
site.
, Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for
destruction by neutrophils and macrophages?
a. Complement cascade
b. Coagulation system
c. Kinin system
d. Immune system - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- ANS: A
C3b (a component of the complement cascade) adheres to the surface of a pathogenic
microorganism and serves as an efficient opsonin. Opsonins are molecules that tag
microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory system, primarily neutrophils
and macrophages. The other options do not accurately identify a component capable of
tagging pathogenic microorganisms.
What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells?
a. Platelet adhesion
b. Initiation of the clotting cascade
c. Vasodilation
d. Increased endothelial adhesiveness - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- ANS: C
Histamine, when released from mast cells, causes vasodilation. It does not cause platelet
adhesion, initiation of the clotting cascade, or increased endothelial adhesiveness.
What is an outcome of the complement cascade?
a. Activation of the clotting cascade
b. Prevention of the spread of infection to adjacent tissues
c. Inactivation of chemical mediators such as histamine
d. Lysis of bacterial cell membranes - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- ANS: D
The complement cascade can be activated by at least three different means, and its products
have four functions: (1) anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell degranulation, (2)
leukocyte chemotaxis, (3) opsonization, and (4) cell lysis. The complement cascade does not
activate the clotting cascade, prevent spread of infection, or inactivate chemical mediators.
What is the function of opsonization related to the complement cascade?
a. To tag pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Which action is a purpose of the inflammatory process?
a. To provide specific responses toward antigens
b. To lyse cell membranes of microorganisms
c. To prevent infection of the injured tissue
d. To create immunity against subsequent tissue injury - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- ANS: C
If the epithelial barrier is damaged, then a highly efficient local and systemic response
(inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of damage, to protect against infection, and to
initiate the repair of damaged tissue. The response to a specific offending agent is the
function of
the adaptive immune response. Lysosomes lyse cell membranes. Immunity against a
subsequent
tissue injury occurs through the action of B cells and T cells.
How do surfactant proteins A through D provide innate resistance?
a. Initiate the complement cascade.
b. Promote phagocytosis.
c. Secrete mucus.
d. Synthesize lysosomes. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- ANS: B.
The lung produces and secretes a family of glycoproteins, collectins, which includes
surfactant
proteins A through D and mannose-binding lectin. Collectin binding facilitates macrophages
to
recognize the microorganism, enhancing macrophage attachment, phagocytosis, and killing.
The
complement cascade occurs during the inflammatory phase. These proteins do not secrete
mucus
of synthesize lysosomes
Which secretion is a first line of defense against pathogen invasion that involves antibacterial
and antifungal fatty acids, as well as lactic acid?
,a. Optic tears
b. Oral saliva
c. Sweat gland perspiration
d. Sebaceous gland sebum - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- ANS: D
Sebaceous glands in the skin secrete sebum that is made up of antibacterial and antifungal
fatty
acids and lactic acid that provide the first-line barrier against pathogen invasion. Perspiration,
tears, and saliva contain an enzyme (lysozyme) that attacks the cell walls of gram-positive
bacteria
Which bacterium grows in the intestines after prolonged antibiotic therapy?
a. Lactobacillus
b. Candida albicans
c. Clostridium difficile
d. Helicobacter pylori - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- ANS: C
Prolonged antibiotic treatment can alter the normal intestinal flora, decreasing its protective
activity and leading to the overgrowth of other microorganisms, such as the bacterium
C. difficile in the colon C. albicans can overgrow in the vagina but does not usually cause
intestinal issues. Lactobacillus
and Helicobacter also do not produce intestinal overgrowth problems with antibiotic use
What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?
a. Vasodilation of blood vessels
b. Increased capillary permeability
c. Endothelial cell expansion
d. Emigration of neutrophil - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- ANS: B
The increased flow and capillary permeability result in a leakage of plasma from the vessels,
causing swelling (edema) in the surrounding tissue and is solely responsible for
inflammation- induced edema. Vasodilation (increased size of the blood vessels) causes
slower blood velocity and increases blood flow to the injured site. Endothelial cell
contraction (not expansion) leads to increased capillary permeability. Emigration of
neutrophils to the area of infection/injury leads to increased destruction of the offending
agent.
,What process causes heat and redness to occur during the inflammatory process?
a. Vasodilation of blood vessels
b. Platelet aggregation
c. Decreased capillary permeability
d. Endothelial cell contraction - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- ANS: A
The increased blood flow as a result of vasodilation and increasing concentration of red cells
at the site of inflammation cause locally increased warmth and redness. Platelet aggregation
is important in the clotting cascade. Decreased capillary permeability would affect local
edema. Endothelial cell contraction leads to increased capillary permeability and the
formation of edema
What does activation of the classical pathway begin with?
a. Viruses
b. Antigen-antibody complexes
c. Mast cells
d. Macrophages - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- ANS: B
Activation of the classical pathway begins only with the activation of protein C1 and is
preceded by the formation of a complex between an antigen and an antibody to form an
antigen-antibody complex (immune complex). Infection with a virus can lead to the start of
the inflammatory process, but is not the specific activation factor. Mast cells release the
contents of their granules to initiate synthesis of other mediators of inflammation among
other actions. Macrophages are one cell type involved in phagocytosis.
What plasma protein system forms a fibrinous meshwork at an inflamed site? a. Complement
b. Coagulation
c. Kinin
d. Fibrinolysis - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- ANS: B
The coagulation (clotting) system is a group of plasma proteins that form a fibrinous
meshwork at an injured or inflamed site. This protein system (1) prevents the spread of
infection to adjacent tissues, (2) traps microorganisms and foreign bodies at the site of
inflammation for removal by infiltrating cells (e.g., neutrophils and macrophages), (3) forms
a clot that stops the bleeding, and (4) provides a framework for future repair and healing. The
complement system, kinins, and fibrinolysis do not form a fibrinous meshwork at an inflamed
site.
, Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for
destruction by neutrophils and macrophages?
a. Complement cascade
b. Coagulation system
c. Kinin system
d. Immune system - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- ANS: A
C3b (a component of the complement cascade) adheres to the surface of a pathogenic
microorganism and serves as an efficient opsonin. Opsonins are molecules that tag
microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory system, primarily neutrophils
and macrophages. The other options do not accurately identify a component capable of
tagging pathogenic microorganisms.
What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells?
a. Platelet adhesion
b. Initiation of the clotting cascade
c. Vasodilation
d. Increased endothelial adhesiveness - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- ANS: C
Histamine, when released from mast cells, causes vasodilation. It does not cause platelet
adhesion, initiation of the clotting cascade, or increased endothelial adhesiveness.
What is an outcome of the complement cascade?
a. Activation of the clotting cascade
b. Prevention of the spread of infection to adjacent tissues
c. Inactivation of chemical mediators such as histamine
d. Lysis of bacterial cell membranes - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔- ANS: D
The complement cascade can be activated by at least three different means, and its products
have four functions: (1) anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell degranulation, (2)
leukocyte chemotaxis, (3) opsonization, and (4) cell lysis. The complement cascade does not
activate the clotting cascade, prevent spread of infection, or inactivate chemical mediators.
What is the function of opsonization related to the complement cascade?
a. To tag pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages
