[LECTURE STUDY GUIDE] Unit 2
Unit Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of the skeletal system and joints
Describe the structure and function of the muscular system
Describe the structure and function of the nervous system
Relevant Topics in Textbook:
Chapter 7 Skeletal System
Chapter 8 Muscular System
Chapter 9 Nervous System
Chapter 10 The Senses
Lecture Exam Review Questions: Lectures 8 and 9
Bone (our skeleton is living tissue)
1. List the functions of bone:
Support, protection, body levers, new blood cell formation, and calcium homeostasis
2. Know the cells, matrix and organization of bone and associated tissues. Define the following terms:
a) Periosteum and Endosteum
Periosteum – connective tissue on outer layer of bones
Endosteum – Lines inner layer of bone
b) Compact vs Trabecular bone
Compact bone – very dense bone
Trabecular bone (spongy bone) – less dense bone with pockets or holes
c) Osteogenic stem cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts
Osteogenic stem cells – stem cells divide and produce new stem cells and differientate
into new osteoblasts and chondroblasts
Osteoblasts – synthesize new bone matrix
Osteocytes – mature osteoblasts that become surrounded with bone matrix
Osteoclasts – derived from blood precursor cells, very large and multinucleated, reabsorb
bone and remove matrix degrading collegan and releasing calcium
d) Chondroblasts and Chondrocytes
Chondroblasts – produce cartilage
Chondrocytes – produce cartilage matrix
1
, [LECTURE STUDY GUIDE] Unit 2
e) Collagen and Hydroxyapatite (bone matrix)
Collagen – provides flexibility within bones
Hydroxyapatite – provides strength and bone regeneration
3. Briefly describe the 2 types of bone formation (intramembranous and endochondral ossification).
You do not need to memorize the actual steps to either form of ossification, but you should know:
a) What is the starting template for each type?
Endochondral – hyaline cartilage is made by chondroblasts then ossification if the
cartilage is done by osteoblasts
Intramembranous – embryonic stem cells or mesenchymal stem cells create sheets of
collagen connective tissue then osteoblasts ossify into new bone
b) What types of bones are formed using these 2 types of bone formation?
Intramembranous – flat bones
Endochondral – long bones
4. What is achondroplasia?
a) What bones are affected?
Long bones
b) What type of ossification is not occurring properly and why?
Endochondral because the defect is a failure to elongate growth plates which is a cartilage formation problem
5. Bones cannot get longer after the growth plates close, but they do change…this is called
remodeling.
a) Describe how bones can change in the adult skeleton:
Bones can regenerate new bone cells or break down bone cells we don’t use
b) How does bone density change as we age?
Lose density with age
2
Unit Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of the skeletal system and joints
Describe the structure and function of the muscular system
Describe the structure and function of the nervous system
Relevant Topics in Textbook:
Chapter 7 Skeletal System
Chapter 8 Muscular System
Chapter 9 Nervous System
Chapter 10 The Senses
Lecture Exam Review Questions: Lectures 8 and 9
Bone (our skeleton is living tissue)
1. List the functions of bone:
Support, protection, body levers, new blood cell formation, and calcium homeostasis
2. Know the cells, matrix and organization of bone and associated tissues. Define the following terms:
a) Periosteum and Endosteum
Periosteum – connective tissue on outer layer of bones
Endosteum – Lines inner layer of bone
b) Compact vs Trabecular bone
Compact bone – very dense bone
Trabecular bone (spongy bone) – less dense bone with pockets or holes
c) Osteogenic stem cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts
Osteogenic stem cells – stem cells divide and produce new stem cells and differientate
into new osteoblasts and chondroblasts
Osteoblasts – synthesize new bone matrix
Osteocytes – mature osteoblasts that become surrounded with bone matrix
Osteoclasts – derived from blood precursor cells, very large and multinucleated, reabsorb
bone and remove matrix degrading collegan and releasing calcium
d) Chondroblasts and Chondrocytes
Chondroblasts – produce cartilage
Chondrocytes – produce cartilage matrix
1
, [LECTURE STUDY GUIDE] Unit 2
e) Collagen and Hydroxyapatite (bone matrix)
Collagen – provides flexibility within bones
Hydroxyapatite – provides strength and bone regeneration
3. Briefly describe the 2 types of bone formation (intramembranous and endochondral ossification).
You do not need to memorize the actual steps to either form of ossification, but you should know:
a) What is the starting template for each type?
Endochondral – hyaline cartilage is made by chondroblasts then ossification if the
cartilage is done by osteoblasts
Intramembranous – embryonic stem cells or mesenchymal stem cells create sheets of
collagen connective tissue then osteoblasts ossify into new bone
b) What types of bones are formed using these 2 types of bone formation?
Intramembranous – flat bones
Endochondral – long bones
4. What is achondroplasia?
a) What bones are affected?
Long bones
b) What type of ossification is not occurring properly and why?
Endochondral because the defect is a failure to elongate growth plates which is a cartilage formation problem
5. Bones cannot get longer after the growth plates close, but they do change…this is called
remodeling.
a) Describe how bones can change in the adult skeleton:
Bones can regenerate new bone cells or break down bone cells we don’t use
b) How does bone density change as we age?
Lose density with age
2
