CogSci 115 Final exam with complete
h h h h h
solutions 2024
h h
goals hand hfocuses hof hCBT h- hANSWER✓✓-- hfocus: hchanging hmaladaptive
hthinking
- hgoals: hminimize hnegative hand hself-defeating hthoughts, hcultivate hpositive
hand hgoal-consistent hthoughts
cognitive hreappraisal hof hemotion h- hANSWER✓✓-- hidentify hand hchange hthe
hway hsituations, hemotions, hetc hare hviewed hin horder hto hchange htheir haffective
himpact
- hincreases hpositive hemotions, hdecreases hnegative hemotions
- hvery hvery hcommon hin hpsychotherapy
reappraisal hrecruits h_________ hregions h- hANSWER✓✓-prefrontal hcortex
h(including hdmPFC, hdlPFC, hvlPFC: hexecutive hfunctions, hcognitive
helaboration), hlateral htemporal hcortex h(semantic hand hperceptual
hrepresentation), hposterior hparietal hcortex h(sustained hattention), hmodulated
hemotional hresponding hin hthe hamygdala
suggested hway hcognitive hreappraisal hworks h- hANSWER✓✓-changing hthe
hmeaning hwe hgive hto ha hstimulus h--> hreduces hamygdala hactivity h-->
hpotentially hstressful hstimuli hless hstressful
emotion hregulation his hmodulated hby hinterconnections hof hwhich hareas? hmany
hof hthese hconnections hplay ha hrole hin hcognitive hreappraisal h- hANSWER✓✓--
horbitrofrontal hcortex h(OFC): hevaluation hof hemotional hsalience, hselection hof
hbehaviors
- hanterior hcingulate hcortex h(ACC): hemotional hstate hinterpretation, hmotivated
hbehavior
- hanterior hinsular hcortex h(AIC): hconscious happraisal hof hbodily hstates hto
htrigger hemotion hregulation hprocesses
- hAMYGDALA
EEG hstudies habout hcognitive hreappraisal hfound: h- hANSWER✓✓-- hreduction
hin hmagnitude hof hlate hpositive hpotential h(LPP) hwas hfound hin hresponse hto
hnegative hstimuli
caveats hto hcognitive hreappraisal h- hANSWER✓✓-- hmay hbe hmaladaptive hwhen
hstressors hare hcontrollable h(patients hwith hcontrollable hstress h--> hhigher
,hcognitive hreappraisal hability hwas hassociated hwith hgreater hlevels hof
hdepression)
- hmay hbe hadaptive hwhen hstressors hare huncontrollable h(patients hwith
huncontrollable hstress h--> hhigher hcognitive hreappraisal hability hwas hassociated
hwith hlower hlevels hof hdepression)
what his hnegative hreappraisal? hwhat his hpositive hreappraisal? h- hANSWER✓✓--
hnegative: hdecreasing hnegative hcondition, h"this hsituation his hnot has hbad has hit
hfirst hseemed"
- hpositive: hincreasing hpositive hcondition, h"they hwill hbe hgrateful hthat hthey
hhad hthis hexperience"
fMRI hresults hof hpositive hvs hnegative hreappraisal h- hANSWER✓✓-- hboth
hshortened hduration hof hresponses hin hthe hamygdala, hinsula, hand hsuperior
htemporal hgyrus hand hlengthened hresponses hin hPFC hregions
- honly hnegative hdecreased hintensity hof hamygdala hactivation
- hintensity hof hactivity hin hmedial hPFC h(cog. hcontrol hof hemotion) honly
hincreased hin hpositive
overall htakeaways hof hpositive hvs hnegative hreappraisal h- hANSWER✓✓--
hpositive hmay hinvolve hmore hengagement hwith hthe hemotional hstimulus h/
hpositive hmay hrequire hmore hactive hcognitive heffort
traditional hCBT huses hyour h_____ hto hhelp hguide hyour h________ h-
hANSWER✓✓-thoughts, hemotions
newer hvariants hof hCBT huses hyour h______ hto hhelp hguide hyour h______ h-
hANSWER✓✓-emotions, hthoughts
_______ hreappraisal hled hto hgreater hincreases hin hpositive haffect hand hsmaller
hdecreases hin hskin hconductance hthan h______ happraisal h- hANSWER✓✓-
positive, hnegative
study habout htechnique hof hsuppressing hemotions hrevealed: h- hANSWER✓✓--
hexperience hand hexpress hless hpositive hemotion hand hgreater hnegative
hemotion
- hhave hworse hinterpersonal hfunctioning
- hreport hlower hoverall hlevels hof hwell-being
future hgain hreappraisal htactic h- hANSWER✓✓-- hone hbig hfactor hin hdetermining
hwhether hyou hsee ha hsituation has hstressful hor has ha hchallenge his hyour hbeliefs
habout hthe heventual houtcome
- hepitomizes hwhat hoptimism his hall habout
breast hcancer hsurvivor hstudy h(future hgain hreappraisal htactic) h- hANSWER✓✓-
key hfactor hthat hdistinguished hsurvivors hwas hthe hview hthat htheir hlives hhad
,hbeen haltered hfor hthe hbetter hafter hdeveloping hthe hdisease h(2/3 hof hsurvivors
hreported hthis)
study hon hpreschoolers hfirst hday hof hschool h- hANSWER✓✓-- houtgoing,
hsocially hcompetent, hwell hliked: hshowed hhigh hactivity hin hstress hhormones
hon hfirst hday hof hschool, hdecreased has hyear hwent hon
- hunhappy, hsocially hisolated: hlow hstress hhormone hlevels hon hfirst hday,
hincreased hthroughout hyear
people hhave hmore hpeak hexperiences hduring h(work hor hleisure htime)? hwhat
hdoes hthat hsuggest? h- hANSWER✓✓-- hwork! hbut hthey hwill hsay hthat hthey
hprefer hleisure htime
- hsuggests hour hassociation hof heffort hwith hpain hand hleisure hwith hpleasure his
hso hdeeply hrooted hthat hit hdistorts hour hperception hof hthe hactual hexperience
- hseverely hlimits hour hpotential hfor hhappiness hif hwe hcannot hrecognize hour
hpositive hexperiences
what his hdefensive hpessimism? hdoes hit hwork? hin hwhat hsettings? h-
hANSWER✓✓-- hsome hpeople huse hfear hof hfailure hto hmotivate hthemselves
- hcan hwork hin hshort hrun, hbut hin hlong hrun his ha hrecipe hfor hburnout, hlow hself
hesteem, hand hunhappiness
research hshowed hthat heffectiveness hof hreappraisal
h___________(increased/decreased) hwith hage. hactivity hin hthe h__________ halso
h___________ h(increased/decreased) hwith hage. h- hANSWER✓✓-increased;
hprefrontal; hincreased
older hindividuals hshowed hgreater hdrops hin h________(positive/negative) haffect
hand hgreater hdecreases hin h________-________(parts hof hbrain) hconnectivity
hafter hreappraisal h- hANSWER✓✓-negative, hrostrolateral hprefrontal-amygdala
behavioral hactivation h- hANSWER✓✓-one hof hthe hmost heffective hand hwidely-
used htreatments hfor hemotion hdysregulation
behavioral hactivation hprocess hfor hdepression h- hANSWER✓✓-- hclients hare
hasked hto hrate hthe hdegree hof hpleasure/accomplishment hthey hfeel hduring
hspecific hactivities
- hasked hto hestablish/maintain hregular hroutines hthat hencompass hactivities hthat
hhave hhigh hscores
- hoften hones hthat hprovide hpleasant hexperiences, hsocial hsupport, hor
hexperiences hof hmastery
Schwartz hCBT htechnique htreatment hfor hOCD h- hANSWER✓✓-- hpaying
hattention hto hthe hfacts hof ha hperception hwithout hreacting hto hthem
- hlearning hto hexperience han hOCD hsymptom hwithout hreacting hemotionally
, 4 hRs hof hOCD hCBT hTreatment h- hANSWER✓✓-- hrelabel: hidentify hwhat's hreal
hand hrefuse hto hbe hmisled hby hobsessive hthoughts
- hreattribute: hunderstand hthat hthose hthoughts/urges hare hjust hfalse hmessages
hbeing hsent hfrom hyour hbrain
- hrefocus: hturns hyour hattention hto hmore hconstructive hbehavior
- hrevalue: hsee hthese hthoughts has hthe huseless hgarbage hthat hthey hare
OCD hneural hexplanation h- hANSWER✓✓-- hhyperactivity hin hthe horbitofrontal
hregion h(serves hto hidentify hwhen hsomething his hamiss)
- hcaudate hnucleus h(execution hof hmotor hbehavior hwith hinputs hfrom hthe
horbitofrontal hand hamygdala)
- htogether hform hthe h"worry hcircuit"
- hOCD his hbuzzing hwith hactivity
degree hof himprovement hof hOCD hsymptoms hcorrelated hwith hincrease hin
h____________ hactivity h- hANSWER✓✓-right hdorsal hanterior hcingulate hcortex
CBT hfor hmajor hdepressive hdisorder h- hANSWER✓✓-- hpatients hlearn hto
hrecognize htheir hhabits, hregard hthese hthoughts has hsimply helectrical hevents
hin hthe hbrain, hand hfeel hthe hsadness/disappointment hwithout hallowing hthese
hthoughts hto helaborate
CBT hneural hresults hfor hMDD h- hANSWER✓✓-- hdecreased hactivation hin hthe
hdorsal, hventral, hand hmedial hfrontal hcortex
- hincreased hactivation hin hhippocampus hand hdorsal hcingulate
SSRI hneural hresults hfor hMDD h- hANSWER✓✓-- hincreased hactivation hin
hprefrontal
- hdecreased hactivation hin hhippocampus hand hsubgenual hcingulate
comparison hof htherapy hand hSSRI hresults hfor hMDD h- hANSWER✓✓-- hboth
hhave hnet hchange hin hcritical hprefrontal-hippocampal hpathways, hbut hthe
hchanges hwere hin hopposite hdirections
- hchange hin hthe hsystem hrather hthan ha hparticular hspecific hchange his hmost
hcritical hfor hdisease hremission
CBT htreatment halong hwith hmedication his hassociated hwith h______, h_________,
hand h__________ h- hANSWER✓✓-- hincreased hhippocampal hvolume
- hdecreased hamygdala hactivation
- hincreased hdorsolateral hprefrontal hactivation
trauma hfocused hCBT hprocess h- hANSWER✓✓-participants hlearn hhow hto
hidentify hdysfunctional hautomatic hthoughts hand hcognitive hdistortions, hfind
hevidence hfor/against hthoughts, hcreate halternatives
h h h h h
solutions 2024
h h
goals hand hfocuses hof hCBT h- hANSWER✓✓-- hfocus: hchanging hmaladaptive
hthinking
- hgoals: hminimize hnegative hand hself-defeating hthoughts, hcultivate hpositive
hand hgoal-consistent hthoughts
cognitive hreappraisal hof hemotion h- hANSWER✓✓-- hidentify hand hchange hthe
hway hsituations, hemotions, hetc hare hviewed hin horder hto hchange htheir haffective
himpact
- hincreases hpositive hemotions, hdecreases hnegative hemotions
- hvery hvery hcommon hin hpsychotherapy
reappraisal hrecruits h_________ hregions h- hANSWER✓✓-prefrontal hcortex
h(including hdmPFC, hdlPFC, hvlPFC: hexecutive hfunctions, hcognitive
helaboration), hlateral htemporal hcortex h(semantic hand hperceptual
hrepresentation), hposterior hparietal hcortex h(sustained hattention), hmodulated
hemotional hresponding hin hthe hamygdala
suggested hway hcognitive hreappraisal hworks h- hANSWER✓✓-changing hthe
hmeaning hwe hgive hto ha hstimulus h--> hreduces hamygdala hactivity h-->
hpotentially hstressful hstimuli hless hstressful
emotion hregulation his hmodulated hby hinterconnections hof hwhich hareas? hmany
hof hthese hconnections hplay ha hrole hin hcognitive hreappraisal h- hANSWER✓✓--
horbitrofrontal hcortex h(OFC): hevaluation hof hemotional hsalience, hselection hof
hbehaviors
- hanterior hcingulate hcortex h(ACC): hemotional hstate hinterpretation, hmotivated
hbehavior
- hanterior hinsular hcortex h(AIC): hconscious happraisal hof hbodily hstates hto
htrigger hemotion hregulation hprocesses
- hAMYGDALA
EEG hstudies habout hcognitive hreappraisal hfound: h- hANSWER✓✓-- hreduction
hin hmagnitude hof hlate hpositive hpotential h(LPP) hwas hfound hin hresponse hto
hnegative hstimuli
caveats hto hcognitive hreappraisal h- hANSWER✓✓-- hmay hbe hmaladaptive hwhen
hstressors hare hcontrollable h(patients hwith hcontrollable hstress h--> hhigher
,hcognitive hreappraisal hability hwas hassociated hwith hgreater hlevels hof
hdepression)
- hmay hbe hadaptive hwhen hstressors hare huncontrollable h(patients hwith
huncontrollable hstress h--> hhigher hcognitive hreappraisal hability hwas hassociated
hwith hlower hlevels hof hdepression)
what his hnegative hreappraisal? hwhat his hpositive hreappraisal? h- hANSWER✓✓--
hnegative: hdecreasing hnegative hcondition, h"this hsituation his hnot has hbad has hit
hfirst hseemed"
- hpositive: hincreasing hpositive hcondition, h"they hwill hbe hgrateful hthat hthey
hhad hthis hexperience"
fMRI hresults hof hpositive hvs hnegative hreappraisal h- hANSWER✓✓-- hboth
hshortened hduration hof hresponses hin hthe hamygdala, hinsula, hand hsuperior
htemporal hgyrus hand hlengthened hresponses hin hPFC hregions
- honly hnegative hdecreased hintensity hof hamygdala hactivation
- hintensity hof hactivity hin hmedial hPFC h(cog. hcontrol hof hemotion) honly
hincreased hin hpositive
overall htakeaways hof hpositive hvs hnegative hreappraisal h- hANSWER✓✓--
hpositive hmay hinvolve hmore hengagement hwith hthe hemotional hstimulus h/
hpositive hmay hrequire hmore hactive hcognitive heffort
traditional hCBT huses hyour h_____ hto hhelp hguide hyour h________ h-
hANSWER✓✓-thoughts, hemotions
newer hvariants hof hCBT huses hyour h______ hto hhelp hguide hyour h______ h-
hANSWER✓✓-emotions, hthoughts
_______ hreappraisal hled hto hgreater hincreases hin hpositive haffect hand hsmaller
hdecreases hin hskin hconductance hthan h______ happraisal h- hANSWER✓✓-
positive, hnegative
study habout htechnique hof hsuppressing hemotions hrevealed: h- hANSWER✓✓--
hexperience hand hexpress hless hpositive hemotion hand hgreater hnegative
hemotion
- hhave hworse hinterpersonal hfunctioning
- hreport hlower hoverall hlevels hof hwell-being
future hgain hreappraisal htactic h- hANSWER✓✓-- hone hbig hfactor hin hdetermining
hwhether hyou hsee ha hsituation has hstressful hor has ha hchallenge his hyour hbeliefs
habout hthe heventual houtcome
- hepitomizes hwhat hoptimism his hall habout
breast hcancer hsurvivor hstudy h(future hgain hreappraisal htactic) h- hANSWER✓✓-
key hfactor hthat hdistinguished hsurvivors hwas hthe hview hthat htheir hlives hhad
,hbeen haltered hfor hthe hbetter hafter hdeveloping hthe hdisease h(2/3 hof hsurvivors
hreported hthis)
study hon hpreschoolers hfirst hday hof hschool h- hANSWER✓✓-- houtgoing,
hsocially hcompetent, hwell hliked: hshowed hhigh hactivity hin hstress hhormones
hon hfirst hday hof hschool, hdecreased has hyear hwent hon
- hunhappy, hsocially hisolated: hlow hstress hhormone hlevels hon hfirst hday,
hincreased hthroughout hyear
people hhave hmore hpeak hexperiences hduring h(work hor hleisure htime)? hwhat
hdoes hthat hsuggest? h- hANSWER✓✓-- hwork! hbut hthey hwill hsay hthat hthey
hprefer hleisure htime
- hsuggests hour hassociation hof heffort hwith hpain hand hleisure hwith hpleasure his
hso hdeeply hrooted hthat hit hdistorts hour hperception hof hthe hactual hexperience
- hseverely hlimits hour hpotential hfor hhappiness hif hwe hcannot hrecognize hour
hpositive hexperiences
what his hdefensive hpessimism? hdoes hit hwork? hin hwhat hsettings? h-
hANSWER✓✓-- hsome hpeople huse hfear hof hfailure hto hmotivate hthemselves
- hcan hwork hin hshort hrun, hbut hin hlong hrun his ha hrecipe hfor hburnout, hlow hself
hesteem, hand hunhappiness
research hshowed hthat heffectiveness hof hreappraisal
h___________(increased/decreased) hwith hage. hactivity hin hthe h__________ halso
h___________ h(increased/decreased) hwith hage. h- hANSWER✓✓-increased;
hprefrontal; hincreased
older hindividuals hshowed hgreater hdrops hin h________(positive/negative) haffect
hand hgreater hdecreases hin h________-________(parts hof hbrain) hconnectivity
hafter hreappraisal h- hANSWER✓✓-negative, hrostrolateral hprefrontal-amygdala
behavioral hactivation h- hANSWER✓✓-one hof hthe hmost heffective hand hwidely-
used htreatments hfor hemotion hdysregulation
behavioral hactivation hprocess hfor hdepression h- hANSWER✓✓-- hclients hare
hasked hto hrate hthe hdegree hof hpleasure/accomplishment hthey hfeel hduring
hspecific hactivities
- hasked hto hestablish/maintain hregular hroutines hthat hencompass hactivities hthat
hhave hhigh hscores
- hoften hones hthat hprovide hpleasant hexperiences, hsocial hsupport, hor
hexperiences hof hmastery
Schwartz hCBT htechnique htreatment hfor hOCD h- hANSWER✓✓-- hpaying
hattention hto hthe hfacts hof ha hperception hwithout hreacting hto hthem
- hlearning hto hexperience han hOCD hsymptom hwithout hreacting hemotionally
, 4 hRs hof hOCD hCBT hTreatment h- hANSWER✓✓-- hrelabel: hidentify hwhat's hreal
hand hrefuse hto hbe hmisled hby hobsessive hthoughts
- hreattribute: hunderstand hthat hthose hthoughts/urges hare hjust hfalse hmessages
hbeing hsent hfrom hyour hbrain
- hrefocus: hturns hyour hattention hto hmore hconstructive hbehavior
- hrevalue: hsee hthese hthoughts has hthe huseless hgarbage hthat hthey hare
OCD hneural hexplanation h- hANSWER✓✓-- hhyperactivity hin hthe horbitofrontal
hregion h(serves hto hidentify hwhen hsomething his hamiss)
- hcaudate hnucleus h(execution hof hmotor hbehavior hwith hinputs hfrom hthe
horbitofrontal hand hamygdala)
- htogether hform hthe h"worry hcircuit"
- hOCD his hbuzzing hwith hactivity
degree hof himprovement hof hOCD hsymptoms hcorrelated hwith hincrease hin
h____________ hactivity h- hANSWER✓✓-right hdorsal hanterior hcingulate hcortex
CBT hfor hmajor hdepressive hdisorder h- hANSWER✓✓-- hpatients hlearn hto
hrecognize htheir hhabits, hregard hthese hthoughts has hsimply helectrical hevents
hin hthe hbrain, hand hfeel hthe hsadness/disappointment hwithout hallowing hthese
hthoughts hto helaborate
CBT hneural hresults hfor hMDD h- hANSWER✓✓-- hdecreased hactivation hin hthe
hdorsal, hventral, hand hmedial hfrontal hcortex
- hincreased hactivation hin hhippocampus hand hdorsal hcingulate
SSRI hneural hresults hfor hMDD h- hANSWER✓✓-- hincreased hactivation hin
hprefrontal
- hdecreased hactivation hin hhippocampus hand hsubgenual hcingulate
comparison hof htherapy hand hSSRI hresults hfor hMDD h- hANSWER✓✓-- hboth
hhave hnet hchange hin hcritical hprefrontal-hippocampal hpathways, hbut hthe
hchanges hwere hin hopposite hdirections
- hchange hin hthe hsystem hrather hthan ha hparticular hspecific hchange his hmost
hcritical hfor hdisease hremission
CBT htreatment halong hwith hmedication his hassociated hwith h______, h_________,
hand h__________ h- hANSWER✓✓-- hincreased hhippocampal hvolume
- hdecreased hamygdala hactivation
- hincreased hdorsolateral hprefrontal hactivation
trauma hfocused hCBT hprocess h- hANSWER✓✓-participants hlearn hhow hto
hidentify hdysfunctional hautomatic hthoughts hand hcognitive hdistortions, hfind
hevidence hfor/against hthoughts, hcreate halternatives
