©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
PNB TEST Exam Questions and
Answers 100% Solved
dura mater - ✔✔fibrous
arachnoid mater - ✔✔epithelial
pia mater - ✔✔fibrous
where is CSF - ✔✔subarachnoid space
Where is CSF produced? - ✔✔choroid plexus in ventricles by ependymal
cells
CSF vs Plasma - ✔✔lower protein, glucose, potassium concentration in
CSF and higher sodium concentration in CSF
-having higher [Na+] makes it favorable for Na+ to go into cell during action
potential generation
-having low extracellular K+ in CSF allows for continuous efflux important
for maintaining negative resting membrane potential
,©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
-[protein] lower in CSF to avoid giving pathogens the building blocks they
would need to replicate w/in brain
blood supply to brain - ✔✔1: internal carotid arteries
2: vertebral artery
3:circle of willis
internal carotid arteries - ✔✔These arteries are the lateral branches of
common carotid arteries. They carry blood to the brain.
-supplies anterior and medial portion of the brian
vertebral artery - ✔✔supplies blood to posterior structures of the brain
Circle of Willis - ✔✔A structure at the base of the brain that is formed by
the joining of the carotid and basilar arteries.
-creates overlapping blood flow so if there is a blockage in the brain, blood
can reroute and supply
-important cause brain cannot go long without oxygen without damage
,©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
-will not work to re route if blockage occur before the brain/not within the
brain
blood return - ✔✔jugular vein
oxygen - ✔✔-passes freely across BBB
-brain receives 15% of blood pumped by heart at rest due to need of
oxygen
glucose - ✔✔-brain consumes 1/2 of bodies glucose
-membrane transporters move it from plasma to CSF
-progressive hypoglycemia leads to confusion unconsciousness and death
-[glucose] lower in CSF because neurons are always using it
cerebrum - ✔✔higher brain function
Diencephalon - ✔✔homeostatic controls
cerebellum - ✔✔coordination of movement
, ©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
brain stem - ✔✔autonomic/reflex center
grey matter - ✔✔contains cell bodies and synapses of neurons
-cerebral cortex
-basal ganglia
white matter - ✔✔myelinated axons
-commissural fibers= connect hemispheres
-projection fibers = connect cerebrum to other regions
-association fibers = connections w/in cerebral hemisphere
gyri - ✔✔hills of the brain
sulci - ✔✔shallow grooves of brain
longitudinal fissure - ✔✔cerebral hemisphere separates right and left sides
transverse fissure - ✔✔separates cerebrum and cerebellum
sylvian/lateral fissure - ✔✔separates frontal and parietal lobe from temporal
PNB TEST Exam Questions and
Answers 100% Solved
dura mater - ✔✔fibrous
arachnoid mater - ✔✔epithelial
pia mater - ✔✔fibrous
where is CSF - ✔✔subarachnoid space
Where is CSF produced? - ✔✔choroid plexus in ventricles by ependymal
cells
CSF vs Plasma - ✔✔lower protein, glucose, potassium concentration in
CSF and higher sodium concentration in CSF
-having higher [Na+] makes it favorable for Na+ to go into cell during action
potential generation
-having low extracellular K+ in CSF allows for continuous efflux important
for maintaining negative resting membrane potential
,©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
-[protein] lower in CSF to avoid giving pathogens the building blocks they
would need to replicate w/in brain
blood supply to brain - ✔✔1: internal carotid arteries
2: vertebral artery
3:circle of willis
internal carotid arteries - ✔✔These arteries are the lateral branches of
common carotid arteries. They carry blood to the brain.
-supplies anterior and medial portion of the brian
vertebral artery - ✔✔supplies blood to posterior structures of the brain
Circle of Willis - ✔✔A structure at the base of the brain that is formed by
the joining of the carotid and basilar arteries.
-creates overlapping blood flow so if there is a blockage in the brain, blood
can reroute and supply
-important cause brain cannot go long without oxygen without damage
,©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
-will not work to re route if blockage occur before the brain/not within the
brain
blood return - ✔✔jugular vein
oxygen - ✔✔-passes freely across BBB
-brain receives 15% of blood pumped by heart at rest due to need of
oxygen
glucose - ✔✔-brain consumes 1/2 of bodies glucose
-membrane transporters move it from plasma to CSF
-progressive hypoglycemia leads to confusion unconsciousness and death
-[glucose] lower in CSF because neurons are always using it
cerebrum - ✔✔higher brain function
Diencephalon - ✔✔homeostatic controls
cerebellum - ✔✔coordination of movement
, ©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
brain stem - ✔✔autonomic/reflex center
grey matter - ✔✔contains cell bodies and synapses of neurons
-cerebral cortex
-basal ganglia
white matter - ✔✔myelinated axons
-commissural fibers= connect hemispheres
-projection fibers = connect cerebrum to other regions
-association fibers = connections w/in cerebral hemisphere
gyri - ✔✔hills of the brain
sulci - ✔✔shallow grooves of brain
longitudinal fissure - ✔✔cerebral hemisphere separates right and left sides
transverse fissure - ✔✔separates cerebrum and cerebellum
sylvian/lateral fissure - ✔✔separates frontal and parietal lobe from temporal
