N398 - Exam 1 Study Set questions with correct
answers
What is the MOA for ciprofloxacin? Correct Answer-inhibits DNA
gyrase (inhibits DNA replication)
When presented with a challenge (stress) cells will.... Correct Answer-
Adapt, have injury, or die
What is cellular adaptation? Correct Answer-responses to increases or
decreases in functional demand and responses to persistent injury
What are 5 types of cellular adaptation? Correct Answer-Atrophy,
Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia
What is Atrophy? Correct Answer-decrease in cell size and potential
reduction in their differentiated function
What is Hypertrophy? Correct Answer-increase in mass accompanied by
augmented functional capacity
What is Hyperplasia? Correct Answer-increase in number of cells by
mitotic division
What are examples of atrophy? Correct Answer-immobilization,
nutritional injury
,what are examples of hypertrophy? Correct Answer-cardiac
hypertrophy, skeletal use
what are examples of hyperplasia? Correct Answer-physiologic demand,
hormonal stimulation, estrogen causes increase in uterine wall, changes
related to altitude (hematocrit)
What is Metaplasia? Correct Answer-Replacement of one differentiated
cell type with another - can better tolerate stress when it is happening
What is dysplasia? Correct Answer-Abnormal changes in appearance of
cells because of abnormal variations in size, shape, and arrangement -
persistent injury, persistent inflammation - transforms into cancer
What are examples of metaplasia? Correct Answer-HPV, smoking
What are the types of cellular injury? Correct Answer-Sublethal
(reversible) and lethal (irreversible)
What is hypoxia? Correct Answer-Lack of oxygen
What is Ischemia? Correct Answer-interruption of blood flow
What is the most common cause of cellular injury? Correct Answer-
Hypoxia
,What is the most common cause of hypoxia? Correct Answer-Ischemia
What is the Mechanism of hypoxia? Correct Answer-ATP Production in
cell to stall - ATP dependent pumps fail - NA accumulates and brings
water inside cell - Excess Calcium in the mitochondria interferes -
glycogen stores are depleted - lactate is produced - pH fails (cellular
components more dysfunctional)
What is a reperfusion injury? Correct Answer-injury caused when there
is a return of blood flow after ischemia
What are the 3 components of a reperfusion injury? Correct Answer-1.
Calcium overload - issues with ATP - high concentrations are allowed to
cross cellular membranes
2. Oxidative Stress - reactive oxygen molecules and free radicals without
electron - steals electron from somewhere else
3. Inflammation & Complement activation - collateral damage - disrupt
other cells, cause organ damage
all 3 components happen at the same time
What are examples of nutritional cellular injuries? Correct Answer-
Deficiencies - malnutrition, malabsorption, chronic alcoholism
Excess - obesity, diabetes
, What are examples of chemical cellular injuries? Correct Answer-Heavy
metals
Environmental toxins
alcohol and substance use
What are examples of physical and mechanical injury? Correct Answer-
Temperature extremes - frost bite, burns
Abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure
abrasion - trauma - surgery
electrical
Radiation
Firearms
What are manifestation of cellular injury (Intracellular Accumulations)?
Correct Answer-1. Excessive amounts of normal cellular substances ex:
elevated blood glucose
2. Accumulation of abnormal substances produced by cell because of
issues ex: hyperbilirubin anemia, gout, gallstones
What are manifestations of hydropic cell injury? Correct Answer-
Accumulation of water
First manifestation of most forms of reversible cell injury
What does hydropic cell injury result from? Correct Answer-a
malfunction of Na-K pumps
- NA ions in cell- water follows
answers
What is the MOA for ciprofloxacin? Correct Answer-inhibits DNA
gyrase (inhibits DNA replication)
When presented with a challenge (stress) cells will.... Correct Answer-
Adapt, have injury, or die
What is cellular adaptation? Correct Answer-responses to increases or
decreases in functional demand and responses to persistent injury
What are 5 types of cellular adaptation? Correct Answer-Atrophy,
Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia
What is Atrophy? Correct Answer-decrease in cell size and potential
reduction in their differentiated function
What is Hypertrophy? Correct Answer-increase in mass accompanied by
augmented functional capacity
What is Hyperplasia? Correct Answer-increase in number of cells by
mitotic division
What are examples of atrophy? Correct Answer-immobilization,
nutritional injury
,what are examples of hypertrophy? Correct Answer-cardiac
hypertrophy, skeletal use
what are examples of hyperplasia? Correct Answer-physiologic demand,
hormonal stimulation, estrogen causes increase in uterine wall, changes
related to altitude (hematocrit)
What is Metaplasia? Correct Answer-Replacement of one differentiated
cell type with another - can better tolerate stress when it is happening
What is dysplasia? Correct Answer-Abnormal changes in appearance of
cells because of abnormal variations in size, shape, and arrangement -
persistent injury, persistent inflammation - transforms into cancer
What are examples of metaplasia? Correct Answer-HPV, smoking
What are the types of cellular injury? Correct Answer-Sublethal
(reversible) and lethal (irreversible)
What is hypoxia? Correct Answer-Lack of oxygen
What is Ischemia? Correct Answer-interruption of blood flow
What is the most common cause of cellular injury? Correct Answer-
Hypoxia
,What is the most common cause of hypoxia? Correct Answer-Ischemia
What is the Mechanism of hypoxia? Correct Answer-ATP Production in
cell to stall - ATP dependent pumps fail - NA accumulates and brings
water inside cell - Excess Calcium in the mitochondria interferes -
glycogen stores are depleted - lactate is produced - pH fails (cellular
components more dysfunctional)
What is a reperfusion injury? Correct Answer-injury caused when there
is a return of blood flow after ischemia
What are the 3 components of a reperfusion injury? Correct Answer-1.
Calcium overload - issues with ATP - high concentrations are allowed to
cross cellular membranes
2. Oxidative Stress - reactive oxygen molecules and free radicals without
electron - steals electron from somewhere else
3. Inflammation & Complement activation - collateral damage - disrupt
other cells, cause organ damage
all 3 components happen at the same time
What are examples of nutritional cellular injuries? Correct Answer-
Deficiencies - malnutrition, malabsorption, chronic alcoholism
Excess - obesity, diabetes
, What are examples of chemical cellular injuries? Correct Answer-Heavy
metals
Environmental toxins
alcohol and substance use
What are examples of physical and mechanical injury? Correct Answer-
Temperature extremes - frost bite, burns
Abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure
abrasion - trauma - surgery
electrical
Radiation
Firearms
What are manifestation of cellular injury (Intracellular Accumulations)?
Correct Answer-1. Excessive amounts of normal cellular substances ex:
elevated blood glucose
2. Accumulation of abnormal substances produced by cell because of
issues ex: hyperbilirubin anemia, gout, gallstones
What are manifestations of hydropic cell injury? Correct Answer-
Accumulation of water
First manifestation of most forms of reversible cell injury
What does hydropic cell injury result from? Correct Answer-a
malfunction of Na-K pumps
- NA ions in cell- water follows
