BPS 2110 Insulin Exam Questions And Correct Answers
What are biologic drugs? -ANSWER- Vaccines, proteins, antibody, nucleic acid
-Normally high molecular weight (>2000)
-Manufactured using living things e.g plants, animals, humans, single cells
-Generally injectable
--cannot survive digestive tract
--other routes (nasal spray, suppository) are possible
-Proportion of new drugs on market that are biologic is increasing (-- >40%)
What is diabetes? -ANSWER- Family of metabolic disorders
-Characterized by high blood sugar concentrations
-Inability to regulate amount of sugar present in the blood
--cardiovascular problems
--kidney disease
--skin ulcers
--eye damage
>170 million affected (World)
3.2 million deaths /yr
How is blood glucose concentration regulated? - ANSWER -By insulin (Hormone
produced by pancreas)
-Regulates metabolism of carbs, fats, protein
-Promotes absorption of blood glucose by fat & liver cells
-Cells convert glucose into glycogen (glucose storage polymer) or fat
,What are the effects of high insulin? Low insulin? - ANSWER High insulin = low blood
sugar
-Glucose is converted to storage forms
-Glucose unavailable to body cells
Low insulin = high blood sugar
-Storage glucose converted to glucose
-Body also begins to break down proteins (catabolism)
What are the two types of diabetes? - ANSWER Type 1 (10%)
-Pancreas no longer produces insulin
-Starts in childhood
-Autoimmune component
Type II (90%)
-Insulin resistance
-Pancreas produces insulin but cells do not respond
-Autoimmune component
-Obesity
What was the prognosis before 1923 for diabetes? - ANSWER -Death
-Disease starts in childhood
-Die in early teenage years
-Can mildly prolong lifespan using special diets
What were Banting and Best's experiments? What was early insulin production e.g
sources? - ANSWER -Surgically altered the dogs to obtain pure insulin
--Tying off the ducts of the pancreas
, --This killed the cells leaving the Islets of Langerhans
--Taking an isolated extract of the pancreas from these
-Treat diabetic dogs using the dog pancreatic extract
--Making them diabetic by removing the pancreas surgically
-Manage to extract crude form of insulin
-Insulin was first sold in 1923
-First human experiments failed (14 yr old boy in 1922) because dog insulin was too
impure
-Better purification methods gave better results
-Different animal sources (bovine)
-Isolation from animals: early animal choices based on supply from slaughterhouses
e.g bovine (Cow), porcine (pig), equine (horse), icythyic (fish)
What was the problem with the animal sources for insulin? - ANSWER -Mix of insulin and
other animal proteins
Proinsulin (immunogenic)
-Patients become allergic to a "type" of insulin
-Change to different animal source every few years
-Glucagon
-Somatostatin
-Proteases (Slowly degrade other proteins in medication; decreases shelf life of insulin)
What was general isolation scheme in 1920's? - ANSWER -Truckload of pan creases
-Homogenization
-Clarification (Dialysis or centrifuge; collect supranate)
-Serial precipitation (isoelectric precipitation; alcohol denaturation)
What are biologic drugs? -ANSWER- Vaccines, proteins, antibody, nucleic acid
-Normally high molecular weight (>2000)
-Manufactured using living things e.g plants, animals, humans, single cells
-Generally injectable
--cannot survive digestive tract
--other routes (nasal spray, suppository) are possible
-Proportion of new drugs on market that are biologic is increasing (-- >40%)
What is diabetes? -ANSWER- Family of metabolic disorders
-Characterized by high blood sugar concentrations
-Inability to regulate amount of sugar present in the blood
--cardiovascular problems
--kidney disease
--skin ulcers
--eye damage
>170 million affected (World)
3.2 million deaths /yr
How is blood glucose concentration regulated? - ANSWER -By insulin (Hormone
produced by pancreas)
-Regulates metabolism of carbs, fats, protein
-Promotes absorption of blood glucose by fat & liver cells
-Cells convert glucose into glycogen (glucose storage polymer) or fat
,What are the effects of high insulin? Low insulin? - ANSWER High insulin = low blood
sugar
-Glucose is converted to storage forms
-Glucose unavailable to body cells
Low insulin = high blood sugar
-Storage glucose converted to glucose
-Body also begins to break down proteins (catabolism)
What are the two types of diabetes? - ANSWER Type 1 (10%)
-Pancreas no longer produces insulin
-Starts in childhood
-Autoimmune component
Type II (90%)
-Insulin resistance
-Pancreas produces insulin but cells do not respond
-Autoimmune component
-Obesity
What was the prognosis before 1923 for diabetes? - ANSWER -Death
-Disease starts in childhood
-Die in early teenage years
-Can mildly prolong lifespan using special diets
What were Banting and Best's experiments? What was early insulin production e.g
sources? - ANSWER -Surgically altered the dogs to obtain pure insulin
--Tying off the ducts of the pancreas
, --This killed the cells leaving the Islets of Langerhans
--Taking an isolated extract of the pancreas from these
-Treat diabetic dogs using the dog pancreatic extract
--Making them diabetic by removing the pancreas surgically
-Manage to extract crude form of insulin
-Insulin was first sold in 1923
-First human experiments failed (14 yr old boy in 1922) because dog insulin was too
impure
-Better purification methods gave better results
-Different animal sources (bovine)
-Isolation from animals: early animal choices based on supply from slaughterhouses
e.g bovine (Cow), porcine (pig), equine (horse), icythyic (fish)
What was the problem with the animal sources for insulin? - ANSWER -Mix of insulin and
other animal proteins
Proinsulin (immunogenic)
-Patients become allergic to a "type" of insulin
-Change to different animal source every few years
-Glucagon
-Somatostatin
-Proteases (Slowly degrade other proteins in medication; decreases shelf life of insulin)
What was general isolation scheme in 1920's? - ANSWER -Truckload of pan creases
-Homogenization
-Clarification (Dialysis or centrifuge; collect supranate)
-Serial precipitation (isoelectric precipitation; alcohol denaturation)
