CSAM Exam – Questions With Proper Solutions
CSAM v. Child Pornography (CP) Right Ans - •The term 'child pornography'
is now seen to have a certain degree of bias that does not accurately represent
this phenomenon, and which may 'benefit' the perpetrator by making it easier
to justify / normalize their crimes
-the term 'child pornography': i) suggests the offences are consensual acts
ii) evokes the images of children being provocative, rather than emphasizing
the trauma of the act
Child pornography ( s. 163) Right Ans - key themes w/in the definition
1) the individual portrayed in the material is <18yrs/ depicted as < 18ys
2) the material can be visual, written, or audio
3) the material could be real/fake -> (if you used a computer generate an
image of a child in a sexualized manner, this constitutes child pornography
4) Accessing, possessing, or distributing this material is illegal, meaning if you
view it on a website but do not download it you have still 'accessed' it.
Methods of distributing & accessing Right Ans - Websites: Specific websites
containing CSAM; documents for how to sexual abuse children; forums
connecting child pornography offenders
Webcams: Broadcast (live or recorded) CSAM; perpetrator / victim may have
interaction with audience
Email: Distributors may send attachments of CSAM in emails to individuals,
groups, or subscribers to a particular site
Peer-to-peer (P2P): P2P allows 2 or more computers to share / access files
and devices. Allow for closed groups to trade CSAM with greater protection.
These are often populated with the more serious cyber-sex offenders.
Texting: CSAM can be taken and distributed via texting services
Categorization Scale- 4 Levels Right Ans - Level 1: Label: Nudity / erotic
posing with no sexual activity
•Characteristics: Fully clothed erotica; Erotica present; Exposed genitals or
anus; exposed breasts or chest; Other sexually explicit content (i.e., fetishes);
Full nudity
Level 2: Label: Non-penetrative sexual activity between children, adults and
children, or masturbation
•Characteristics: Licking; Kissing; Manual stimulation; Oral copulation
Level 3: Label: Penetrative sexual activity between adults and children
, •Characteristics: Anal or vaginal penetration; Ejaculation seen
Level 4: Label: Sadism or Bestiality
•Characteristics: Drugged / Sleeping; Bondage; Defecation; Urination;
Bestiality
Seto et al (2018) Right Ans - •Examined 2 datasets obtained from NCMEC
to study the content characteristics of reported CSAM
•Data 1: Historical Data
•Actively traded cases involving identified victims [2002-2014]
•518 cases involving identified victims
•Data 2: Modern Data
•All cases involving identified victims [2011-2014]
•1,965 cases involving 1 offender and 1 victim [one-to-one]
•633 cases involving multiple offenders and/or multiple victims [multiple]
*NCMEC= national center of missing & exploited children
Prevalence estimates Right Ans - - by 2020, child pornography represents
3/4 of all police-reported online child sexual exploitation and abuse incidents
- by 2020, making/ distributing child pornography represents ~80% of all
police-reported incidents of child pornography
- the trend toward a greater proportion of incidents of making/distributing
child pornography began to emerge in 2016 & has steadily increased each
year.
- from 2016 -2022 there is a 345.7% increase in containing CSAM
Prevalence estimates: Oda & Gaddam (2012) Right Ans - •Examined google
search terms among German individuals searching for pornography
•"Preteen" was the 3rd most frequently searched term when examining
internet search history (n > 3,000,000 individual searches)
Prevalence estimates: P2P Right Ans - •Wolak et al (2014)
•In 2010, 775,941 computers in 100 countries contained CSAM material
•Of these, 224,920 computers were in USA
•Le Grand et al (2010)
•0.11% of requests on P2P networks are for CSAM
•Across ~170 days, 259,284 requests for CSAM were made
Prevalence estimates: General info Right Ans - •Primary mode of sharing /
viewing CSAM is on P2P
CSAM v. Child Pornography (CP) Right Ans - •The term 'child pornography'
is now seen to have a certain degree of bias that does not accurately represent
this phenomenon, and which may 'benefit' the perpetrator by making it easier
to justify / normalize their crimes
-the term 'child pornography': i) suggests the offences are consensual acts
ii) evokes the images of children being provocative, rather than emphasizing
the trauma of the act
Child pornography ( s. 163) Right Ans - key themes w/in the definition
1) the individual portrayed in the material is <18yrs/ depicted as < 18ys
2) the material can be visual, written, or audio
3) the material could be real/fake -> (if you used a computer generate an
image of a child in a sexualized manner, this constitutes child pornography
4) Accessing, possessing, or distributing this material is illegal, meaning if you
view it on a website but do not download it you have still 'accessed' it.
Methods of distributing & accessing Right Ans - Websites: Specific websites
containing CSAM; documents for how to sexual abuse children; forums
connecting child pornography offenders
Webcams: Broadcast (live or recorded) CSAM; perpetrator / victim may have
interaction with audience
Email: Distributors may send attachments of CSAM in emails to individuals,
groups, or subscribers to a particular site
Peer-to-peer (P2P): P2P allows 2 or more computers to share / access files
and devices. Allow for closed groups to trade CSAM with greater protection.
These are often populated with the more serious cyber-sex offenders.
Texting: CSAM can be taken and distributed via texting services
Categorization Scale- 4 Levels Right Ans - Level 1: Label: Nudity / erotic
posing with no sexual activity
•Characteristics: Fully clothed erotica; Erotica present; Exposed genitals or
anus; exposed breasts or chest; Other sexually explicit content (i.e., fetishes);
Full nudity
Level 2: Label: Non-penetrative sexual activity between children, adults and
children, or masturbation
•Characteristics: Licking; Kissing; Manual stimulation; Oral copulation
Level 3: Label: Penetrative sexual activity between adults and children
, •Characteristics: Anal or vaginal penetration; Ejaculation seen
Level 4: Label: Sadism or Bestiality
•Characteristics: Drugged / Sleeping; Bondage; Defecation; Urination;
Bestiality
Seto et al (2018) Right Ans - •Examined 2 datasets obtained from NCMEC
to study the content characteristics of reported CSAM
•Data 1: Historical Data
•Actively traded cases involving identified victims [2002-2014]
•518 cases involving identified victims
•Data 2: Modern Data
•All cases involving identified victims [2011-2014]
•1,965 cases involving 1 offender and 1 victim [one-to-one]
•633 cases involving multiple offenders and/or multiple victims [multiple]
*NCMEC= national center of missing & exploited children
Prevalence estimates Right Ans - - by 2020, child pornography represents
3/4 of all police-reported online child sexual exploitation and abuse incidents
- by 2020, making/ distributing child pornography represents ~80% of all
police-reported incidents of child pornography
- the trend toward a greater proportion of incidents of making/distributing
child pornography began to emerge in 2016 & has steadily increased each
year.
- from 2016 -2022 there is a 345.7% increase in containing CSAM
Prevalence estimates: Oda & Gaddam (2012) Right Ans - •Examined google
search terms among German individuals searching for pornography
•"Preteen" was the 3rd most frequently searched term when examining
internet search history (n > 3,000,000 individual searches)
Prevalence estimates: P2P Right Ans - •Wolak et al (2014)
•In 2010, 775,941 computers in 100 countries contained CSAM material
•Of these, 224,920 computers were in USA
•Le Grand et al (2010)
•0.11% of requests on P2P networks are for CSAM
•Across ~170 days, 259,284 requests for CSAM were made
Prevalence estimates: General info Right Ans - •Primary mode of sharing /
viewing CSAM is on P2P
