COGS 100 - Lifesaving Cards Exam With Complete solution
What is voluntarism? - ANSWER Founded by WIlliam Wundt
Proposes the mind is made up of elements that are voluntarily combined to create a
higher-level cognitive component.
Uses introspection.
What is introspection? - ANSWER The observation of one's own mental and emotional
processes.
What is structuralism? - ANSWER Founded by Edward Titchener
Suggests the mind is passive, and its structure is understood about its basic elements
and how they combine.
Introduction
Uses introspection too
Titchener thought that there was a chemical binding between components of the mind.
What is functionalism? - ANSWER Founded by William James
Looks at what the mind does rather than what it's made up of.
Believed mental processes were continuously changing.
What is substantive thought and transitive thought? - ANSWER Substantive Thought -
mind slows down to focus
Transitive Thought - mind is less focused
,What is behaviourism? - ANSWER Founded by Watson and Skinner
Deals with studying behaviour only and not worrying about mental operations
What is the "black box analogy"? - ANSWER Mind is a black box that produces a
response after receiving a stimulus. Part of behaviourist approach.
S --> [O] --> R
What is Gestalt psychology? - ANSWER Founded by Wertheimer, Kofka, and Kohler
Explored the mind as being a conscious whole more than the components, which
countered structuralism.
Used a method called phenomenology - the subjective experience of immediate stimuli.
What is insight learning? - ANSWER Wallas, 1926
Four Stages:
- Preparation (understand the problem, first attempts)
- Incubation (problem put aside, unconscious thoughts)
- Illumination (lightbulb moment)
- Verification (confirm insight)
What is psychoanalytic psychology? - ANSWER Founded by Sigmund Freud
The mind is composed of "mini minds" that fight for control of behaviour.
,Influenced by:
- Conscious Thoughts (aware)
- Preconscious Thoughts (able to be brought to awareness)
- Unconscious Thoughts (fully unaware)
Criticized because it was based on Freud's subjective notes with no verification
What is the Iceberg Model as designed by Freud? - ANSWER A model that illustrated his
concept of the 3 major mental structures:
Id-desires and unconscious impulses that run off pleasure principle
Superego-ethical responses based off idealistic principle, which also controls Id
Ego-the balanced response that is based off the reality principle
The Id is completely submerged on the iceberg, while the Superego and the Ego are
partly submerged and above water.
Why was introspection criticised as a method of study? - ANSWER It's subjective. Really
can't prove it if it's the thoughts of people's own mental states which are all different.
What is a dependent variable? - ANSWER The variable in an experiment that is
measured.
What is an independent variable? - ANSWER The variable in an experiment which is
changed.
, Explain Pavlov's classical conditioning in terms of the UCS, CS, UCR and CR. - ANSWER
UCS - food
UCR - salivation
CS - bell
CR - salivation - through bell
What is the difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning? -
ANSWER Classical Conditioning - involves reflexive, involuntary behaviour.
Operant Conditioning - involves voluntary motor acts, uses reinforcements and
punishments.
What is psychology? - ANSWER The study of mind and behaviour. Uses the scientific
method to gain knowledge and validate theories.
What is cognition? - ANSWER The act of knowing and perception, and that our mind is
an abstract entity of the brain our hardware.
What is intelligence? - ANSWER The linking of information from the past.
What three important concepts are our mental processes tied in with? - ANSWER
Memory, attention, and consciousness
What is a fact? - ANSWER Truths that can be recognized and are always present under
the same conditions.
What is a hypothesis? - ANSWER The explanation of facts; these are tested, sometimes
proven true and sometimes false.
What is a theory? - ANSWER "Clusters" of hypotheses; these hypotheses are taken as
scientifically fact and proved.
What is voluntarism? - ANSWER Founded by WIlliam Wundt
Proposes the mind is made up of elements that are voluntarily combined to create a
higher-level cognitive component.
Uses introspection.
What is introspection? - ANSWER The observation of one's own mental and emotional
processes.
What is structuralism? - ANSWER Founded by Edward Titchener
Suggests the mind is passive, and its structure is understood about its basic elements
and how they combine.
Introduction
Uses introspection too
Titchener thought that there was a chemical binding between components of the mind.
What is functionalism? - ANSWER Founded by William James
Looks at what the mind does rather than what it's made up of.
Believed mental processes were continuously changing.
What is substantive thought and transitive thought? - ANSWER Substantive Thought -
mind slows down to focus
Transitive Thought - mind is less focused
,What is behaviourism? - ANSWER Founded by Watson and Skinner
Deals with studying behaviour only and not worrying about mental operations
What is the "black box analogy"? - ANSWER Mind is a black box that produces a
response after receiving a stimulus. Part of behaviourist approach.
S --> [O] --> R
What is Gestalt psychology? - ANSWER Founded by Wertheimer, Kofka, and Kohler
Explored the mind as being a conscious whole more than the components, which
countered structuralism.
Used a method called phenomenology - the subjective experience of immediate stimuli.
What is insight learning? - ANSWER Wallas, 1926
Four Stages:
- Preparation (understand the problem, first attempts)
- Incubation (problem put aside, unconscious thoughts)
- Illumination (lightbulb moment)
- Verification (confirm insight)
What is psychoanalytic psychology? - ANSWER Founded by Sigmund Freud
The mind is composed of "mini minds" that fight for control of behaviour.
,Influenced by:
- Conscious Thoughts (aware)
- Preconscious Thoughts (able to be brought to awareness)
- Unconscious Thoughts (fully unaware)
Criticized because it was based on Freud's subjective notes with no verification
What is the Iceberg Model as designed by Freud? - ANSWER A model that illustrated his
concept of the 3 major mental structures:
Id-desires and unconscious impulses that run off pleasure principle
Superego-ethical responses based off idealistic principle, which also controls Id
Ego-the balanced response that is based off the reality principle
The Id is completely submerged on the iceberg, while the Superego and the Ego are
partly submerged and above water.
Why was introspection criticised as a method of study? - ANSWER It's subjective. Really
can't prove it if it's the thoughts of people's own mental states which are all different.
What is a dependent variable? - ANSWER The variable in an experiment that is
measured.
What is an independent variable? - ANSWER The variable in an experiment which is
changed.
, Explain Pavlov's classical conditioning in terms of the UCS, CS, UCR and CR. - ANSWER
UCS - food
UCR - salivation
CS - bell
CR - salivation - through bell
What is the difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning? -
ANSWER Classical Conditioning - involves reflexive, involuntary behaviour.
Operant Conditioning - involves voluntary motor acts, uses reinforcements and
punishments.
What is psychology? - ANSWER The study of mind and behaviour. Uses the scientific
method to gain knowledge and validate theories.
What is cognition? - ANSWER The act of knowing and perception, and that our mind is
an abstract entity of the brain our hardware.
What is intelligence? - ANSWER The linking of information from the past.
What three important concepts are our mental processes tied in with? - ANSWER
Memory, attention, and consciousness
What is a fact? - ANSWER Truths that can be recognized and are always present under
the same conditions.
What is a hypothesis? - ANSWER The explanation of facts; these are tested, sometimes
proven true and sometimes false.
What is a theory? - ANSWER "Clusters" of hypotheses; these hypotheses are taken as
scientifically fact and proved.
