BIO 182 Exam 2 Sthultz questions with
complete solutions 2024-2025
What is systematics? - correct answer ✔✔Study of biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships
among organisms, both extinct and modern
What is Taxonomy? - correct answer ✔✔Science of describing, naming, and classifying living and extinct
organisms and viruses
What are the 8 categories of taxonomic hierarchy (in order from species upward to broader
classifications)? - correct answer ✔✔Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain
Who is the scientist that proposed the current two-part naming system for each species? - correct
answer ✔✔Carolus Linnaeus
What are the two parts of any Latinized binomial name? - correct answer ✔✔Genus species
What is a phylogenetic tree and what is it used for (or what is phylogeny)? - correct answer ✔✔-
evolutionary history of a species or group of species
-To propose a phylogeny, biologists use the tools of systematics
What are the two ways a new species can be formed? - correct answer ✔✔-Anagenesis - single species
evolves into a different species
-Cladogenesis - a species diverges into two or more species
What is Homology? - correct answer ✔✔Similarities among various species that occur because they are
derived from a common ancestor
What does cladistics compare? - correct answer ✔✔Study and classification of species based on
evolutionary relationships
, -considering the various possible pathways of changes and then choosing the tree that requires the least
complex explanation
What is the difference between a primitive character and a derived character? - correct answer ✔✔-
Primitive: Shared by two or more different taxa and inherited from ancestors older than their last
common ancestor
-Derived: Shared by two or more species or taxa and has originated in their most recent common
ancestor
Be able to explain and put in a time frame some of the major episodes in the history of life on earth.
(The clock analogy) - correct answer ✔✔-13.7 bya - Universe began with the Big Bang
-4.6 bya -- Our solar system began
-The Earth is 4.55 billion years old
-4 bya - Earth had cooled enough for outer layers to solidify and oceans to form
-between 4 and 3.5 bya - Life emerged
What organisms, and process they perform, would be responsible for the accumulation of atmospheric
oxygen about 2.8 billion years ago? - correct answer ✔✔Prokaryotes
What are protists? - correct answer ✔✔eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants,
mostly unicellular, and
ancestral to all other eukaryotes.
Explain the two-stage hypothesis for the origin of Eukaryotic cells, and be able to define endosymbiosis. -
correct answer ✔✔Symbiosis is a more general association between organisms of two or more species
-Endosymbiosis: refers to one species living inside another host species and
is the process by which eukaryotes gained mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Understand how protists can be seen as the link between unicellular and multicellular life. - correct
answer ✔✔-An ancestral colony may have formed when a cell divided and remained attached to
offspring
-Cells in the colony may have become specialized and interdependent
complete solutions 2024-2025
What is systematics? - correct answer ✔✔Study of biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships
among organisms, both extinct and modern
What is Taxonomy? - correct answer ✔✔Science of describing, naming, and classifying living and extinct
organisms and viruses
What are the 8 categories of taxonomic hierarchy (in order from species upward to broader
classifications)? - correct answer ✔✔Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain
Who is the scientist that proposed the current two-part naming system for each species? - correct
answer ✔✔Carolus Linnaeus
What are the two parts of any Latinized binomial name? - correct answer ✔✔Genus species
What is a phylogenetic tree and what is it used for (or what is phylogeny)? - correct answer ✔✔-
evolutionary history of a species or group of species
-To propose a phylogeny, biologists use the tools of systematics
What are the two ways a new species can be formed? - correct answer ✔✔-Anagenesis - single species
evolves into a different species
-Cladogenesis - a species diverges into two or more species
What is Homology? - correct answer ✔✔Similarities among various species that occur because they are
derived from a common ancestor
What does cladistics compare? - correct answer ✔✔Study and classification of species based on
evolutionary relationships
, -considering the various possible pathways of changes and then choosing the tree that requires the least
complex explanation
What is the difference between a primitive character and a derived character? - correct answer ✔✔-
Primitive: Shared by two or more different taxa and inherited from ancestors older than their last
common ancestor
-Derived: Shared by two or more species or taxa and has originated in their most recent common
ancestor
Be able to explain and put in a time frame some of the major episodes in the history of life on earth.
(The clock analogy) - correct answer ✔✔-13.7 bya - Universe began with the Big Bang
-4.6 bya -- Our solar system began
-The Earth is 4.55 billion years old
-4 bya - Earth had cooled enough for outer layers to solidify and oceans to form
-between 4 and 3.5 bya - Life emerged
What organisms, and process they perform, would be responsible for the accumulation of atmospheric
oxygen about 2.8 billion years ago? - correct answer ✔✔Prokaryotes
What are protists? - correct answer ✔✔eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants,
mostly unicellular, and
ancestral to all other eukaryotes.
Explain the two-stage hypothesis for the origin of Eukaryotic cells, and be able to define endosymbiosis. -
correct answer ✔✔Symbiosis is a more general association between organisms of two or more species
-Endosymbiosis: refers to one species living inside another host species and
is the process by which eukaryotes gained mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Understand how protists can be seen as the link between unicellular and multicellular life. - correct
answer ✔✔-An ancestral colony may have formed when a cell divided and remained attached to
offspring
-Cells in the colony may have become specialized and interdependent
