BIO 181 NAU- Exam 1
Gaining vs. Losing electrons - ✔️✔️N+1 = Losing electron
N-1 = Gaining electron
Electrons = electronegative
Octet rule - ✔️✔️Atoms are most stable when their outer shell is full. The outer shell
has to be filled with 8 electrons EXCEPT Hydrogen and Helium with just 2 electrons.
Three Physical States of Matter - ✔️✔️Solid, liquid, gas
Element - ✔️✔️Substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by
chemical reactions
Matter - ✔️✔️Anything that occupies space and has a mass
Four elements that make up about 96% of the weight and most cells: - ✔️✔️Oxygen,
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
Atoms - ✔️✔️The smallest functional units of matter that form ALL chemical
substances
Three subatomic particles - ✔️✔️Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
Protons - ✔️✔️Positive charge, found in nucleus. Number of protons is what
distinguishes one element from another
Atomic number - ✔️✔️How many protons are in an element
Mass number - ✔️✔️sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus
Isotopes - ✔️✔️Forms of an element with different numbers of neutrons than protons.
Ex; Carbon 12 = 6 protons and 7 neutrons.
Valence Electrons - ✔️✔️Electrons more likely to form bonds, taken away, or shared
with other atoms. Electrons in the outer shell
Compounds - ✔️✔️Putting two elements together
Two types of chemical bonds - ✔️✔️Ionic and covalent
, Ionic Bonds - ✔️✔️ELECTRON SWAP- formed between oppositely charged ions. Ex;
NaCl
Ions (2 types) - ✔️✔️Charged atoms
Cations: Have a net positive charge (+)
Anions: Have a net negative charge (-)
Ionic - ✔️✔️Something with a charge
Covalent Bond - ✔️✔️Forms when two atoms SHARE one or more pairs of outer-shell
electrons. These bonds are the strongest of bonds.
Polar Molecules - ✔️✔️An uneven distribution of charge Ex; H2O. Hydrogen are
slightly positive, oxygen is slightly negative.
Hydrogen Bond - ✔️✔️A weak attraction between a partially positive hydrogen and a
partially negative atom like Oxygen. Causes cohesion
Heat - ✔️✔️The amount of energy associated wit hteh movement of the atoms and
molecules in a body of matter
Temperature - ✔️✔️Measures the intensity of heat
Evaporative Cooling - ✔️✔️Occurs when a substance evaporates and the surface of
the liquid remaining behind cools down. Ex; sweating
Aqueous Solution - ✔️✔️When water is the solvent
Hydrophilic - ✔️✔️Likes and will dissolve in water
Polar Covalent bonds - ✔️✔️Hydrophilic, will dissolve in water
Hydrophobic - ✔️✔️water fearing, does not dissolve in water, nonpolar molecules like
OILS
Organic Compounds - ✔️✔️Crabon-based molecules
Carbon - ✔️✔️Element, life's Building Blocks. Four valence electrons. Looking for four
bonds. Can form nonpolar or polar bonds
Hydrocarbons - ✔️✔️The simplest organic compounds. Contain only carbon and
hydrogen atoms.
Gaining vs. Losing electrons - ✔️✔️N+1 = Losing electron
N-1 = Gaining electron
Electrons = electronegative
Octet rule - ✔️✔️Atoms are most stable when their outer shell is full. The outer shell
has to be filled with 8 electrons EXCEPT Hydrogen and Helium with just 2 electrons.
Three Physical States of Matter - ✔️✔️Solid, liquid, gas
Element - ✔️✔️Substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by
chemical reactions
Matter - ✔️✔️Anything that occupies space and has a mass
Four elements that make up about 96% of the weight and most cells: - ✔️✔️Oxygen,
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
Atoms - ✔️✔️The smallest functional units of matter that form ALL chemical
substances
Three subatomic particles - ✔️✔️Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
Protons - ✔️✔️Positive charge, found in nucleus. Number of protons is what
distinguishes one element from another
Atomic number - ✔️✔️How many protons are in an element
Mass number - ✔️✔️sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus
Isotopes - ✔️✔️Forms of an element with different numbers of neutrons than protons.
Ex; Carbon 12 = 6 protons and 7 neutrons.
Valence Electrons - ✔️✔️Electrons more likely to form bonds, taken away, or shared
with other atoms. Electrons in the outer shell
Compounds - ✔️✔️Putting two elements together
Two types of chemical bonds - ✔️✔️Ionic and covalent
, Ionic Bonds - ✔️✔️ELECTRON SWAP- formed between oppositely charged ions. Ex;
NaCl
Ions (2 types) - ✔️✔️Charged atoms
Cations: Have a net positive charge (+)
Anions: Have a net negative charge (-)
Ionic - ✔️✔️Something with a charge
Covalent Bond - ✔️✔️Forms when two atoms SHARE one or more pairs of outer-shell
electrons. These bonds are the strongest of bonds.
Polar Molecules - ✔️✔️An uneven distribution of charge Ex; H2O. Hydrogen are
slightly positive, oxygen is slightly negative.
Hydrogen Bond - ✔️✔️A weak attraction between a partially positive hydrogen and a
partially negative atom like Oxygen. Causes cohesion
Heat - ✔️✔️The amount of energy associated wit hteh movement of the atoms and
molecules in a body of matter
Temperature - ✔️✔️Measures the intensity of heat
Evaporative Cooling - ✔️✔️Occurs when a substance evaporates and the surface of
the liquid remaining behind cools down. Ex; sweating
Aqueous Solution - ✔️✔️When water is the solvent
Hydrophilic - ✔️✔️Likes and will dissolve in water
Polar Covalent bonds - ✔️✔️Hydrophilic, will dissolve in water
Hydrophobic - ✔️✔️water fearing, does not dissolve in water, nonpolar molecules like
OILS
Organic Compounds - ✔️✔️Crabon-based molecules
Carbon - ✔️✔️Element, life's Building Blocks. Four valence electrons. Looking for four
bonds. Can form nonpolar or polar bonds
Hydrocarbons - ✔️✔️The simplest organic compounds. Contain only carbon and
hydrogen atoms.
