BTE 210 Exam 2/revision study guide/co
’;;;; ’;;;; ’;;;; ’;;;; ’;;;;
rrect verified A+’;;;; ’;;;;
Artificial’;;;;Intelligence’;;;;(AI)’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--
Subfield’;;;;of’;;;;Computer’;;;;Science’;;;;studies’;;;;the’;;;;thought’;;;;processes’;;;;of’;;;;humans’;;;;and’;;;;recreates’;;;;the’;;;;eff
ects’;;;;of’;;;;those’;;;;processes’;;;;via’;;;;machines,’;;;;such’;;;;as’;;;;computers’;;;;and’;;;;robots.
-
Behavior’;;;;by’;;;;a’;;;;machine’;;;;that,’;;;;if’;;;;performed’;;;;by’;;;;a’;;;;human’;;;;being,’;;;;would’;;;;be’;;;;considered’;;;;intelligen
t.
Turing’;;;;Test’;;;;(Alice,’;;;;CleverBot)’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--Alan’;;;;Turing,’;;;;British’;;;;AI’;;;;pioneer
-The’;;;;Imitation’;;;;Game’;;;;(2014)
How’;;;;AI’;;;;works’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--creates’;;;;perspectives’;;;;
-understands’;;;;languages’;;;;and’;;;;its’;;;;nuances
-learns’;;;;from’;;;;experiences’;;;;
-solves’;;;;complex’;;;;problems’;;;;
-uses’;;;;the’;;;;learning’;;;;to’;;;;reason
-recognizes’;;;;images
The’;;;;Components’;;;;of’;;;;Expert’;;;;Systems’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers-1.’;;;;Knowledge’;;;;Base
2.’;;;;Inference’;;;;Engine
3.’;;;;User’;;;;Interface
Knowledge’;;;;Base’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--Facts:’;;;;e.g.,’;;;;the’;;;;problem’;;;;situation.
,-Rules:’;;;;direct’;;;;use’;;;;of’;;;;knowledge’;;;;to’;;;;solve’;;;;specific’;;;;problems’;;;;in’;;;;a’;;;;particular’;;;;domain.
-Rules’;;;;are’;;;;typically’;;;;structured’;;;;as’;;;;If/Then’;;;;statements’;;;;of’;;;;the’;;;;form:
Inference’;;;;Engine’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--a’;;;;computer’;;;;program’;;;;(written’;;;;using’;;;;a’;;;;high-
level’;;;;programming’;;;;language)’;;;;that’;;;;provides’;;;;a’;;;;methodology’;;;;for’;;;;reasoning’;;;;and’;;;;formulating’;;;;concl
usions.
-the’;;;;main’;;;;processing’;;;;element’;;;;of’;;;;the’;;;;expert’;;;;system.
-
It’;;;;is’;;;;responsible’;;;;for’;;;;gathering’;;;;the’;;;;information’;;;;from’;;;;the’;;;;user,’;;;;by’;;;;asking’;;;;various’;;;;questions’;;;;an
d’;;;;applying’;;;;it’;;;;wherever’;;;;necessary
User’;;;;Interface’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--
dialogue’;;;;between’;;;;the’;;;;user’;;;;and’;;;;the’;;;;computer’;;;;triggers’;;;;the’;;;;inference’;;;;engine’;;;;to’;;;;match’;;;;the’;;;;pr
oblem’;;;;symptoms’;;;;with’;;;;the’;;;;knowledge’;;;;contained’;;;;in’;;;;the’;;;;knowledge’;;;;base’;;;;and’;;;;then’;;;;generate’;;;;a
dvice.
Benefits’;;;;of’;;;;Expert’;;;;Systems’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--Accessibility’;;;;to’;;;;Knowledge’;;;;and’;;;;Help’;;;;Desks
-Reliability
•ESs’;;;;do’;;;;not’;;;;become’;;;;tired’;;;;or’;;;;bored,’;;;;call’;;;;in’;;;;sick,’;;;;or’;;;;go’;;;;on’;;;;strike.’;;;;They’;;;;consistently’;;;;pay’;;;;atte
ntion’;;;;to’;;;;details.
-Ability’;;;;to’;;;;Work’;;;;with’;;;;Incomplete’;;;;or’;;;;Uncertain’;;;;Information
-Provision’;;;;of’;;;;Training
•The’;;;;explanation’;;;;facility’;;;;of’;;;;an’;;;;ES’;;;;can’;;;;serve’;;;;as’;;;;a’;;;;teaching’;;;;device’;;;;and’;;;;a’;;;;knowledge’;;;;base’;;;;for’
;;;;novices.
Benefits’;;;;of’;;;;Expert’;;;;Systems’;;;;(Continued)’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--Enhancement’;;;;of’;;;;Decision-
making’;;;;and’;;;;Problem-solving’;;;;Capabilities
•ESs’;;;;allow’;;;;the’;;;;integration’;;;;of’;;;;expert’;;;;judgment’;;;;into’;;;;the’;;;;analysis’;;;;(e.g.,’;;;;diagnosis’;;;;of’;;;;machine’;;;;
malfunction’;;;;and’;;;;even’;;;;medical’;;;;diagnosis).
-Decreased’;;;;Decision-Making’;;;;Time
,-Reduced’;;;;Downtime
•ESs’;;;;can’;;;;quickly’;;;;diagnose’;;;;machine’;;;;malfunctions’;;;;and’;;;;prescribe’;;;;repairs.
Benefits’;;;;of’;;;;Expert’;;;;Systems’;;;;(Continued)’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers-
1.’;;;;Increased’;;;;output’;;;;and’;;;;productivity:’;;;;ESs’;;;;can’;;;;configure’;;;;components’;;;;for’;;;;each’;;;;custom’;;;;order,’;;;;i
ncreasing’;;;;production’;;;;capabilities.
2.’;;;;Increased’;;;;quality:’;;;;ESs’;;;;can’;;;;provide’;;;;consistent’;;;;advice’;;;;and’;;;;reduce’;;;;error’;;;;rates.
3.’;;;;Capture’;;;;and’;;;;dissemination’;;;;of’;;;;scarce’;;;;expertise:’;;;;Expertise’;;;;from’;;;;anywhere’;;;;in’;;;;the’;;;;world’;;;;can’;;;;
be’;;;;obtained’;;;;and’;;;;used.
4.’;;;;Operation’;;;;in’;;;;hazardous’;;;;environments:’;;;;Sensors’;;;;can’;;;;collect’;;;;information’;;;;that’;;;;an’;;;;ES’;;;;interprets
,’;;;;enabling’;;;;human’;;;;workers’;;;;to’;;;;avoid’;;;;hot,’;;;;humid,’;;;;or’;;;;toxic’;;;;environments.
5.’;;;;Accessibility’;;;;to’;;;;knowledge’;;;;and’;;;;help’;;;;desks:’;;;;ESs’;;;;can’;;;;increase’;;;;the’;;;;productivity’;;;;of’;;;;help’;;;;desk’;;;
;employees,’;;;;or’;;;;even’;;;;automate’;;;;this’;;;;function.
6.’;;;;Reliability:’;;;;ESs’;;;;do’;;;;not’;;;;become’;;;;tired’;;;;or’;;;;bored,’;;;;call’;;;;in’;;;;sick,’;;;;or’;;;;go’;;;;on’;;;;strike.’;;;;They’;;;;consiste
ntly’;;;;pay’;;;;attention’;;;;to’;;;;details.
7.’;;;;Ability’;;;;to’;;;;work’;;;;with’;;;;incomplete’;;;;or’;;;;uncertain’;;;;information:’;;;;Even’;;;;with’;;;;an’;;;;answer’;;;;of’;;;;"don't’;;;;
know,"‘;;;;an’;;;;ES’;;;;can’;;;;produce’;;;;an’;;;;answer,’;;;;although’;;;;it’;;;;may’;;;;not’;;;;be’;;;;a’;;;;definite’;;;;one.
8.’;;;;Provision’;;;;of’;;;;training:’;;;;The’;;;;explanation’;;;;facility’;;;;of’;;;;an’;;;;ES’;;;;can’;;;;serve’;;;;as’;;;;a’;;;;teaching’;;;;device’;;;;an
d’;;;;a’;;;;knowledge’;;;;base’;;;;for’;;;;novices.
9.’;;;;Enhancement’;;;;of’;;;;decision-making’;;;;and’;;;;problem-
solving’;;;;capabilities:’;;;;ESs’;;;;allow’;;;;the’;;;;integration’;;;;of’;;;;expert’;;;;judgment’;;;;into’;;;;analysis’;;;;(e.g.,’;;;;diagnosis’;;
;;of’;;;;machine’;;;;malfunction’;;;;and’;;;;even’;;;;medical’;;;;diagnosis).
10.’;;;;Decreased’;;;;decision-
making’;;;;time:’;;;;ESs’;;;;usually’;;;;can’;;;;make’;;;;faster’;;;;decisions’;;;;than’;;;;humans’;;;;working’;;;;alone.
, 11.’;;;;Reduced’;;;;downtime:’;;;;ESs’;;;;can’;;;;quickly’;;;;diagnose’;;;;machine’;;;;malfunctions’;;;;and’;;;;prescribe’;;;;repairs.
Difficulties’;;;;of’;;;;Using’;;;;Expert’;;;;Systems’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--
Transferring’;;;;domain’;;;;expertise’;;;;from’;;;;human’;;;;experts’;;;;to’;;;;the’;;;;expert’;;;;system’;;;;can’;;;;be’;;;;difficult’;;;;beca
use’;;;;people’;;;;cannot’;;;;always’;;;;explain’;;;;what’;;;;they’;;;;know
-
Even’;;;;if’;;;;the’;;;;domain’;;;;experts’;;;;can’;;;;explain’;;;;their’;;;;entire’;;;;reasoning’;;;;process,’;;;;automating’;;;;that’;;;;proce
ss’;;;;may’;;;;not’;;;;be’;;;;possible
-In’;;;;some’;;;;contexts,’;;;;there’;;;;is’;;;;a’;;;;potential’;;;;liability’;;;;from’;;;;the’;;;;use’;;;;of’;;;;expert’;;;;systems.
Expert’;;;;Systems:
Expert,’;;;;Computer,User’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers-1.’;;;;Knowledge’;;;;Acquisition
2.’;;;;Knowledge’;;;;Representation
3.’;;;;Knowledge’;;;;Inferencing
4.’;;;;Knowledge’;;;;Transfer
Knowledge’;;;;Acquisition’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--
Knowledge’;;;;is’;;;;acquired’;;;;from’;;;;domain’;;;;experts’;;;;or’;;;;from’;;;;documented’;;;;sources.
Knowledge’;;;;Representation’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--
Acquired’;;;;knowledge’;;;;is’;;;;organized’;;;;as’;;;;rules’;;;;or’;;;;frames’;;;;(object-
oriented)’;;;;and’;;;;stored’;;;;electronically’;;;;in’;;;;a’;;;;knowledge’;;;;base.
Knowledge’;;;;Inferencing’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--
The’;;;;computer’;;;;is’;;;;programmed’;;;;so’;;;;that’;;;;it’;;;;can’;;;;make’;;;;inferences’;;;;based’;;;;on’;;;;the’;;;;stored’;;;;knowledg
e.
Knowledge’;;;;Transfer’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--
The’;;;;inferenced’;;;;expertise’;;;;is’;;;;transferred’;;;;to’;;;;the’;;;;user’;;;;in’;;;;the’;;;;form’;;;;of’;;;;a’;;;;recommendation.
Machine’;;;;Learning’;;;;Systems’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers-
Artificial’;;;;intelligence’;;;;systems’;;;;that’;;;;learn’;;;;from’;;;;data.
’;;;; ’;;;; ’;;;; ’;;;; ’;;;;
rrect verified A+’;;;; ’;;;;
Artificial’;;;;Intelligence’;;;;(AI)’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--
Subfield’;;;;of’;;;;Computer’;;;;Science’;;;;studies’;;;;the’;;;;thought’;;;;processes’;;;;of’;;;;humans’;;;;and’;;;;recreates’;;;;the’;;;;eff
ects’;;;;of’;;;;those’;;;;processes’;;;;via’;;;;machines,’;;;;such’;;;;as’;;;;computers’;;;;and’;;;;robots.
-
Behavior’;;;;by’;;;;a’;;;;machine’;;;;that,’;;;;if’;;;;performed’;;;;by’;;;;a’;;;;human’;;;;being,’;;;;would’;;;;be’;;;;considered’;;;;intelligen
t.
Turing’;;;;Test’;;;;(Alice,’;;;;CleverBot)’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--Alan’;;;;Turing,’;;;;British’;;;;AI’;;;;pioneer
-The’;;;;Imitation’;;;;Game’;;;;(2014)
How’;;;;AI’;;;;works’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--creates’;;;;perspectives’;;;;
-understands’;;;;languages’;;;;and’;;;;its’;;;;nuances
-learns’;;;;from’;;;;experiences’;;;;
-solves’;;;;complex’;;;;problems’;;;;
-uses’;;;;the’;;;;learning’;;;;to’;;;;reason
-recognizes’;;;;images
The’;;;;Components’;;;;of’;;;;Expert’;;;;Systems’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers-1.’;;;;Knowledge’;;;;Base
2.’;;;;Inference’;;;;Engine
3.’;;;;User’;;;;Interface
Knowledge’;;;;Base’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--Facts:’;;;;e.g.,’;;;;the’;;;;problem’;;;;situation.
,-Rules:’;;;;direct’;;;;use’;;;;of’;;;;knowledge’;;;;to’;;;;solve’;;;;specific’;;;;problems’;;;;in’;;;;a’;;;;particular’;;;;domain.
-Rules’;;;;are’;;;;typically’;;;;structured’;;;;as’;;;;If/Then’;;;;statements’;;;;of’;;;;the’;;;;form:
Inference’;;;;Engine’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--a’;;;;computer’;;;;program’;;;;(written’;;;;using’;;;;a’;;;;high-
level’;;;;programming’;;;;language)’;;;;that’;;;;provides’;;;;a’;;;;methodology’;;;;for’;;;;reasoning’;;;;and’;;;;formulating’;;;;concl
usions.
-the’;;;;main’;;;;processing’;;;;element’;;;;of’;;;;the’;;;;expert’;;;;system.
-
It’;;;;is’;;;;responsible’;;;;for’;;;;gathering’;;;;the’;;;;information’;;;;from’;;;;the’;;;;user,’;;;;by’;;;;asking’;;;;various’;;;;questions’;;;;an
d’;;;;applying’;;;;it’;;;;wherever’;;;;necessary
User’;;;;Interface’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--
dialogue’;;;;between’;;;;the’;;;;user’;;;;and’;;;;the’;;;;computer’;;;;triggers’;;;;the’;;;;inference’;;;;engine’;;;;to’;;;;match’;;;;the’;;;;pr
oblem’;;;;symptoms’;;;;with’;;;;the’;;;;knowledge’;;;;contained’;;;;in’;;;;the’;;;;knowledge’;;;;base’;;;;and’;;;;then’;;;;generate’;;;;a
dvice.
Benefits’;;;;of’;;;;Expert’;;;;Systems’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--Accessibility’;;;;to’;;;;Knowledge’;;;;and’;;;;Help’;;;;Desks
-Reliability
•ESs’;;;;do’;;;;not’;;;;become’;;;;tired’;;;;or’;;;;bored,’;;;;call’;;;;in’;;;;sick,’;;;;or’;;;;go’;;;;on’;;;;strike.’;;;;They’;;;;consistently’;;;;pay’;;;;atte
ntion’;;;;to’;;;;details.
-Ability’;;;;to’;;;;Work’;;;;with’;;;;Incomplete’;;;;or’;;;;Uncertain’;;;;Information
-Provision’;;;;of’;;;;Training
•The’;;;;explanation’;;;;facility’;;;;of’;;;;an’;;;;ES’;;;;can’;;;;serve’;;;;as’;;;;a’;;;;teaching’;;;;device’;;;;and’;;;;a’;;;;knowledge’;;;;base’;;;;for’
;;;;novices.
Benefits’;;;;of’;;;;Expert’;;;;Systems’;;;;(Continued)’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--Enhancement’;;;;of’;;;;Decision-
making’;;;;and’;;;;Problem-solving’;;;;Capabilities
•ESs’;;;;allow’;;;;the’;;;;integration’;;;;of’;;;;expert’;;;;judgment’;;;;into’;;;;the’;;;;analysis’;;;;(e.g.,’;;;;diagnosis’;;;;of’;;;;machine’;;;;
malfunction’;;;;and’;;;;even’;;;;medical’;;;;diagnosis).
-Decreased’;;;;Decision-Making’;;;;Time
,-Reduced’;;;;Downtime
•ESs’;;;;can’;;;;quickly’;;;;diagnose’;;;;machine’;;;;malfunctions’;;;;and’;;;;prescribe’;;;;repairs.
Benefits’;;;;of’;;;;Expert’;;;;Systems’;;;;(Continued)’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers-
1.’;;;;Increased’;;;;output’;;;;and’;;;;productivity:’;;;;ESs’;;;;can’;;;;configure’;;;;components’;;;;for’;;;;each’;;;;custom’;;;;order,’;;;;i
ncreasing’;;;;production’;;;;capabilities.
2.’;;;;Increased’;;;;quality:’;;;;ESs’;;;;can’;;;;provide’;;;;consistent’;;;;advice’;;;;and’;;;;reduce’;;;;error’;;;;rates.
3.’;;;;Capture’;;;;and’;;;;dissemination’;;;;of’;;;;scarce’;;;;expertise:’;;;;Expertise’;;;;from’;;;;anywhere’;;;;in’;;;;the’;;;;world’;;;;can’;;;;
be’;;;;obtained’;;;;and’;;;;used.
4.’;;;;Operation’;;;;in’;;;;hazardous’;;;;environments:’;;;;Sensors’;;;;can’;;;;collect’;;;;information’;;;;that’;;;;an’;;;;ES’;;;;interprets
,’;;;;enabling’;;;;human’;;;;workers’;;;;to’;;;;avoid’;;;;hot,’;;;;humid,’;;;;or’;;;;toxic’;;;;environments.
5.’;;;;Accessibility’;;;;to’;;;;knowledge’;;;;and’;;;;help’;;;;desks:’;;;;ESs’;;;;can’;;;;increase’;;;;the’;;;;productivity’;;;;of’;;;;help’;;;;desk’;;;
;employees,’;;;;or’;;;;even’;;;;automate’;;;;this’;;;;function.
6.’;;;;Reliability:’;;;;ESs’;;;;do’;;;;not’;;;;become’;;;;tired’;;;;or’;;;;bored,’;;;;call’;;;;in’;;;;sick,’;;;;or’;;;;go’;;;;on’;;;;strike.’;;;;They’;;;;consiste
ntly’;;;;pay’;;;;attention’;;;;to’;;;;details.
7.’;;;;Ability’;;;;to’;;;;work’;;;;with’;;;;incomplete’;;;;or’;;;;uncertain’;;;;information:’;;;;Even’;;;;with’;;;;an’;;;;answer’;;;;of’;;;;"don't’;;;;
know,"‘;;;;an’;;;;ES’;;;;can’;;;;produce’;;;;an’;;;;answer,’;;;;although’;;;;it’;;;;may’;;;;not’;;;;be’;;;;a’;;;;definite’;;;;one.
8.’;;;;Provision’;;;;of’;;;;training:’;;;;The’;;;;explanation’;;;;facility’;;;;of’;;;;an’;;;;ES’;;;;can’;;;;serve’;;;;as’;;;;a’;;;;teaching’;;;;device’;;;;an
d’;;;;a’;;;;knowledge’;;;;base’;;;;for’;;;;novices.
9.’;;;;Enhancement’;;;;of’;;;;decision-making’;;;;and’;;;;problem-
solving’;;;;capabilities:’;;;;ESs’;;;;allow’;;;;the’;;;;integration’;;;;of’;;;;expert’;;;;judgment’;;;;into’;;;;analysis’;;;;(e.g.,’;;;;diagnosis’;;
;;of’;;;;machine’;;;;malfunction’;;;;and’;;;;even’;;;;medical’;;;;diagnosis).
10.’;;;;Decreased’;;;;decision-
making’;;;;time:’;;;;ESs’;;;;usually’;;;;can’;;;;make’;;;;faster’;;;;decisions’;;;;than’;;;;humans’;;;;working’;;;;alone.
, 11.’;;;;Reduced’;;;;downtime:’;;;;ESs’;;;;can’;;;;quickly’;;;;diagnose’;;;;machine’;;;;malfunctions’;;;;and’;;;;prescribe’;;;;repairs.
Difficulties’;;;;of’;;;;Using’;;;;Expert’;;;;Systems’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--
Transferring’;;;;domain’;;;;expertise’;;;;from’;;;;human’;;;;experts’;;;;to’;;;;the’;;;;expert’;;;;system’;;;;can’;;;;be’;;;;difficult’;;;;beca
use’;;;;people’;;;;cannot’;;;;always’;;;;explain’;;;;what’;;;;they’;;;;know
-
Even’;;;;if’;;;;the’;;;;domain’;;;;experts’;;;;can’;;;;explain’;;;;their’;;;;entire’;;;;reasoning’;;;;process,’;;;;automating’;;;;that’;;;;proce
ss’;;;;may’;;;;not’;;;;be’;;;;possible
-In’;;;;some’;;;;contexts,’;;;;there’;;;;is’;;;;a’;;;;potential’;;;;liability’;;;;from’;;;;the’;;;;use’;;;;of’;;;;expert’;;;;systems.
Expert’;;;;Systems:
Expert,’;;;;Computer,User’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers-1.’;;;;Knowledge’;;;;Acquisition
2.’;;;;Knowledge’;;;;Representation
3.’;;;;Knowledge’;;;;Inferencing
4.’;;;;Knowledge’;;;;Transfer
Knowledge’;;;;Acquisition’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--
Knowledge’;;;;is’;;;;acquired’;;;;from’;;;;domain’;;;;experts’;;;;or’;;;;from’;;;;documented’;;;;sources.
Knowledge’;;;;Representation’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--
Acquired’;;;;knowledge’;;;;is’;;;;organized’;;;;as’;;;;rules’;;;;or’;;;;frames’;;;;(object-
oriented)’;;;;and’;;;;stored’;;;;electronically’;;;;in’;;;;a’;;;;knowledge’;;;;base.
Knowledge’;;;;Inferencing’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--
The’;;;;computer’;;;;is’;;;;programmed’;;;;so’;;;;that’;;;;it’;;;;can’;;;;make’;;;;inferences’;;;;based’;;;;on’;;;;the’;;;;stored’;;;;knowledg
e.
Knowledge’;;;;Transfer’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers--
The’;;;;inferenced’;;;;expertise’;;;;is’;;;;transferred’;;;;to’;;;;the’;;;;user’;;;;in’;;;;the’;;;;form’;;;;of’;;;;a’;;;;recommendation.
Machine’;;;;Learning’;;;;Systems’;;;;-’;;;;correct’;;;;answers-
Artificial’;;;;intelligence’;;;;systems’;;;;that’;;;;learn’;;;;from’;;;;data.
