Insulin/Diabetes Management
Rapid-Acting Insulin - ANS Lispro (Humalog)
Aspart (Novolog)
Glulisine (Apidra)
Short-Acting Insulin - ANS Regular (Humulin R, Novolin R)
Intermediate-Acting Insulin - ANS NPH (Humulin N, Novolin N)
Long-Acting Insulin - ANS glargine (Lantus)
detemir (Levemir)
Ultra Long-Acting Insulin - ANS Degludec (Tresiba)
Glargine (Toujeo)
Types of Basal Insulin - ANS Glargine (Lantus)
Detemir (Levemir)
Glargine U-300 (Toujeo)
Degludec U-100 or U-200 (Tresiba)
Basal Insulin - ANS Needed whether eating or NPO
Ex: Glargine (Lantus)
Prandial Insulin - ANS Also referred to as bonus or mealtime insulin
Administered before eating
Ex: Lispro (Humalog) and Aspart (Novolog)
Correction or Supplemental INsulin - ANS -Used to treat hyperglycemia that occurs before or
between meals
-Given in addition to scheduled insulin
-At bedtime, often is given a reduced dose in order to avoids nocturnal hypoglycemia
- With NPO patients or patients who are receiving scheduled nutritional basal insulin but not
eating meals.
What monitors the level of blood glucose in the pancreas? - ANS The islets of Langerhans
What two hormones does the pancreas make? - ANS insulin and glucagon
Where is insulin produced? - ANS beta cells of pancreas
, When is insulin released? - ANS When blood glucose levels are low
What other hormones affect sugar metabolism? - ANS Cortisol (controlled by ACTH)
Adrenaline (Medulla oblongata and SNS)
Diagnostic criteria for prediabetes - ANS Fasting plasma glucose 100-125
2-hour plasma glucose in the 75-gym oral tolerance test 140-199
A1C: 5.7-6.4%
Diagnostic criteria for diabetes - ANS Fasting plasma glucose more than 126
Symptoms of hyperglycemia and random plasma glucose over 200
A1C: More than 6.5%
What is hemoglobin A1C? - ANS Blood test that shows average blood sugar level from the past
2-3 months.
What is hemoglobin A1C used for by doctors and nurses? - ANS 1. To see if patient has
diabetes
2. To see if diabetes treatment is working correctly
A1C test frequency for no symptoms of diabetes - ANS Every 3 years
A1C test frequency for prediabetes - ANS Once a year
A1C test frequency for diabetics with BS at goal - ANS Every 6 months
A1C test frequency for diabetics changing treatment plans/ BS not at goal - ANS Every 3
months
Normal physiology of insulin - ANS insulin binds to insulin receptors and triggers the opening of
glucose transporters in fat and muscle cells, allowing glucose removal from the bloodstream.
Type 1 Diabetes - ANS insulin is not produced by beta cells in the pancreas, hence glucose is
not removing from the bloodstream, causing diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes - ANS Prolonged overproduction of insulin leads to desensitization of the
insulin receptors and hence glucose is not removed from the bloodstream, causing diabetes.
Microvascular complications of high blood glucose - ANS Eyes:
- High glucose and BP can damage eye blood vessels, causing retinopathy, cataracts, and
glaucoma.
Kidneys:
Rapid-Acting Insulin - ANS Lispro (Humalog)
Aspart (Novolog)
Glulisine (Apidra)
Short-Acting Insulin - ANS Regular (Humulin R, Novolin R)
Intermediate-Acting Insulin - ANS NPH (Humulin N, Novolin N)
Long-Acting Insulin - ANS glargine (Lantus)
detemir (Levemir)
Ultra Long-Acting Insulin - ANS Degludec (Tresiba)
Glargine (Toujeo)
Types of Basal Insulin - ANS Glargine (Lantus)
Detemir (Levemir)
Glargine U-300 (Toujeo)
Degludec U-100 or U-200 (Tresiba)
Basal Insulin - ANS Needed whether eating or NPO
Ex: Glargine (Lantus)
Prandial Insulin - ANS Also referred to as bonus or mealtime insulin
Administered before eating
Ex: Lispro (Humalog) and Aspart (Novolog)
Correction or Supplemental INsulin - ANS -Used to treat hyperglycemia that occurs before or
between meals
-Given in addition to scheduled insulin
-At bedtime, often is given a reduced dose in order to avoids nocturnal hypoglycemia
- With NPO patients or patients who are receiving scheduled nutritional basal insulin but not
eating meals.
What monitors the level of blood glucose in the pancreas? - ANS The islets of Langerhans
What two hormones does the pancreas make? - ANS insulin and glucagon
Where is insulin produced? - ANS beta cells of pancreas
, When is insulin released? - ANS When blood glucose levels are low
What other hormones affect sugar metabolism? - ANS Cortisol (controlled by ACTH)
Adrenaline (Medulla oblongata and SNS)
Diagnostic criteria for prediabetes - ANS Fasting plasma glucose 100-125
2-hour plasma glucose in the 75-gym oral tolerance test 140-199
A1C: 5.7-6.4%
Diagnostic criteria for diabetes - ANS Fasting plasma glucose more than 126
Symptoms of hyperglycemia and random plasma glucose over 200
A1C: More than 6.5%
What is hemoglobin A1C? - ANS Blood test that shows average blood sugar level from the past
2-3 months.
What is hemoglobin A1C used for by doctors and nurses? - ANS 1. To see if patient has
diabetes
2. To see if diabetes treatment is working correctly
A1C test frequency for no symptoms of diabetes - ANS Every 3 years
A1C test frequency for prediabetes - ANS Once a year
A1C test frequency for diabetics with BS at goal - ANS Every 6 months
A1C test frequency for diabetics changing treatment plans/ BS not at goal - ANS Every 3
months
Normal physiology of insulin - ANS insulin binds to insulin receptors and triggers the opening of
glucose transporters in fat and muscle cells, allowing glucose removal from the bloodstream.
Type 1 Diabetes - ANS insulin is not produced by beta cells in the pancreas, hence glucose is
not removing from the bloodstream, causing diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes - ANS Prolonged overproduction of insulin leads to desensitization of the
insulin receptors and hence glucose is not removed from the bloodstream, causing diabetes.
Microvascular complications of high blood glucose - ANS Eyes:
- High glucose and BP can damage eye blood vessels, causing retinopathy, cataracts, and
glaucoma.
Kidneys:
