PLPA 200 Final Exam Graded A+ 2024
3 aspect of the plant disease triangle - ANSWER-susceptible host, virulent pathogen,
Environment
3 Fungicide classifications - ANSWER-Elemental/Organic, Eradicant/Protectant,
narrow/broad
(What they're made of, how they work, spectrum)
3 infective spores stages of macrocyclic - ANSWER-
basediospore,aescospore,uredospore
3 major food crops in the world - ANSWER-corn, wheat, rice.
3 major world food crops are: - ANSWER-maize, rice, wheat
4 most dependent food crops - ANSWER-Rice, corn , wheat, potatoes
5 spore stages of macrocyclic rusts - ANSWER-basidiospores (infective), spermatia
(non-infective), aescospores (infective), uredospores (infective), teliospores (non-
infective)
mneumonic: Bernie Sanders Attacks University Tuition
A characteristic of many plant cells which allows an entire plant to be regenerated from
a single vegetative cell - ANSWER-totipotent
A characteristic that distinguishes plant pathogenic nematodes from other kinds of
nematodes is - ANSWER-presence of a stylet for feeding
a common component of car exhaust, it also causes white specks on exposed plant
leaves - ANSWER-ozone
A common component of car exhaust, it also causes white specks on exposed plant
leaves - ANSWER-ozone
A long term exposure to a low dose - ANSWER-Chronic
A means of reducing primary inoculum levels throgh the successive planting of different
crops each year - ANSWER-crop rotation
a means of reducing primary inoculum levels through the successive planting of
different crop species each year - ANSWER-crop rotation
,a method of disease control based on preventing the host plant from coming into
contact with the pathogen - ANSWER-avoidance
A method to enter a host that is NOT used by plant pathogenic bacteria is - ANSWER-
Direct penetration (hehe)
a plant whose ancestors include emmer and einkorn - ANSWER-modern wheat
A plant with a fibrous root system and leaves with parallel veins - ANSWER-monocot
A plant with a fibrous root system and leaves with parallel veins - ANSWER-Monocot
A rust fungus that only produces teliospores and basidiospores in its life cycle is called -
ANSWER-microcyclic
a type of disease cycle in which there is no plant to plant spread within the growing
season - ANSWER-monocyclic
Abiotic diseases - ANSWER-Extreme weather conditions
Ozone or sulfur dioxide can harm plant tissues
Wrong application of pesticide
Increase in micronutrient ( copper, boron)
Wilting- Water deficiency
Abiotic symptoms can be similar to Biotic infections ( virus infections) How to distinguish
- ANSWER--If surrounding plants are having the same symptoms ie. weeds and crop
plants, most likely abiotic
-
Above-ground symptoms of nematode infection ona plant often include - ANSWER-
chlorosis and stunting
Acid rain in champaing - ANSWER-PH= 4.8, no major effects on soybeans and corn
Acronym - ANSWER-Boy scouts Always Urinate Together
Macrocyclic Rusts
Basidiospores - infective
Spermatia
Aeciospores - infective
uredospores - infective,repeating
teliospores
Acute toxicity Vs chronic - ANSWER-Effects it has on honey bees, birds
Chronic toxicity: Carcinogenity, Terotogenity
Ames test: using cultures
,Aerobic vs anarobic - ANSWER-Aerobic= oxygen to survive
Anarobic= no oxygen
aesceospores infect - ANSWER-wheat (produced on barberry as well)
Aflatoxin and effect on people - ANSWER--Prominant in India and Africa, no access to
healthy food
-Effects depend on what is consumed with it- Amount of proteins consumed in diet and
inclusion of vitamins
Men and children are more suceptable
Aflatoxin in midwest - ANSWER-Severe drought and was infected with A flavus
- Corn was suspected, and fed to cows, milk was contaminated
Aflatoxins - ANSWER-Aspergillus Flavus
Four different toxins
Coloreless, orderless and tasteless,
Grain may not show sign of infection
Produce in field or storage
most potent toxin known
Carcinogens, Mutagen, immunosupressent, Some animals relatively insensitive, Mice
60, no liver--> But rats -.5 mg/kg
Aflatoxins today - ANSWER-FDA set 20 ppb "normal corn"
2% of liver cancer in US due to aflatoxins
after establishing feeding sites, the adults of these types of pathogens never move
again - ANSWER-sedentary nematodes
After establishing feeding sites, the adults of these types of pathogens never move
again (general term) - ANSWER-sedentary nematodes
Agencies regulation of pesticides - ANSWER-EPA ( Enviromental protection agencies)-
Regulation of registration and regulation of pesticides
FDA ( Food and drug administration): After it leaves the farm
USDA (US Department of agriculture): Regulates the use of pesticides on the farm
Agency that looks at pesticides while on the farm - ANSWER-USDA
Agency that looks at the whole process - ANSWER-EPA
Agency that will inspect food after it has left the farm, tolerance levels - ANSWER-FDA
Agriculture soil - ANSWER-Loams
- mixture of sizes and minerals
-good combination of water drainage and retention
, -Half of the soil has air space
Air pollution and acid rain - ANSWER--Contamination of the air with man made products
- Over fertilizing
SO2 and NOx
-Low concentration intevening of leaves
- High concentration
- Bronzing or bleaching of plant leaves
-Ozone- Leaf flecking
Acid rain- Dissolves metal, affects aquatic life,
Plants harm: Changes Nutrients in the soil, Forrest decline
All plant pathogenic nematodes are - ANSWER-obligate parasites
All rust fungi are - ANSWER-obligate
alleles - ANSWER-versions of genes
Allowale daily intake - ANSWER-Accummulation across food
An organism gets it's energy from a host - ANSWER-Parasite
An organism that harms another organism - ANSWER-Pathogen
Ancestors of Wheat - ANSWER-Einkorn and Emmer
And question five: How are plant viruses usually disseminated, and how are they
usually managed? - ANSWER-Disseminated by vectors-through insects with sucking
mouth parts and survive in their saliva
And question five: How can a plant monoculture have a high level of genetic diversity? -
ANSWER-
And Question five: How have humans used fungi for food and food processing? -
ANSWER-
And Question five: In terms of human health, how does the relative risk of pesticide
residues on food compare to other risks, such as traveling in a car or swimming in a
pool? - ANSWER-
And question five: We have studied several diseases of trees this semester. What
management strategies have been and are used for these diseases? - ANSWER-
Anton de Bary - ANSWER-Father of plant pathology
Discovered the disease cycle for Late blight
Zoospores formed from sporangia and thought Zoospores could cause disease
3 aspect of the plant disease triangle - ANSWER-susceptible host, virulent pathogen,
Environment
3 Fungicide classifications - ANSWER-Elemental/Organic, Eradicant/Protectant,
narrow/broad
(What they're made of, how they work, spectrum)
3 infective spores stages of macrocyclic - ANSWER-
basediospore,aescospore,uredospore
3 major food crops in the world - ANSWER-corn, wheat, rice.
3 major world food crops are: - ANSWER-maize, rice, wheat
4 most dependent food crops - ANSWER-Rice, corn , wheat, potatoes
5 spore stages of macrocyclic rusts - ANSWER-basidiospores (infective), spermatia
(non-infective), aescospores (infective), uredospores (infective), teliospores (non-
infective)
mneumonic: Bernie Sanders Attacks University Tuition
A characteristic of many plant cells which allows an entire plant to be regenerated from
a single vegetative cell - ANSWER-totipotent
A characteristic that distinguishes plant pathogenic nematodes from other kinds of
nematodes is - ANSWER-presence of a stylet for feeding
a common component of car exhaust, it also causes white specks on exposed plant
leaves - ANSWER-ozone
A common component of car exhaust, it also causes white specks on exposed plant
leaves - ANSWER-ozone
A long term exposure to a low dose - ANSWER-Chronic
A means of reducing primary inoculum levels throgh the successive planting of different
crops each year - ANSWER-crop rotation
a means of reducing primary inoculum levels through the successive planting of
different crop species each year - ANSWER-crop rotation
,a method of disease control based on preventing the host plant from coming into
contact with the pathogen - ANSWER-avoidance
A method to enter a host that is NOT used by plant pathogenic bacteria is - ANSWER-
Direct penetration (hehe)
a plant whose ancestors include emmer and einkorn - ANSWER-modern wheat
A plant with a fibrous root system and leaves with parallel veins - ANSWER-monocot
A plant with a fibrous root system and leaves with parallel veins - ANSWER-Monocot
A rust fungus that only produces teliospores and basidiospores in its life cycle is called -
ANSWER-microcyclic
a type of disease cycle in which there is no plant to plant spread within the growing
season - ANSWER-monocyclic
Abiotic diseases - ANSWER-Extreme weather conditions
Ozone or sulfur dioxide can harm plant tissues
Wrong application of pesticide
Increase in micronutrient ( copper, boron)
Wilting- Water deficiency
Abiotic symptoms can be similar to Biotic infections ( virus infections) How to distinguish
- ANSWER--If surrounding plants are having the same symptoms ie. weeds and crop
plants, most likely abiotic
-
Above-ground symptoms of nematode infection ona plant often include - ANSWER-
chlorosis and stunting
Acid rain in champaing - ANSWER-PH= 4.8, no major effects on soybeans and corn
Acronym - ANSWER-Boy scouts Always Urinate Together
Macrocyclic Rusts
Basidiospores - infective
Spermatia
Aeciospores - infective
uredospores - infective,repeating
teliospores
Acute toxicity Vs chronic - ANSWER-Effects it has on honey bees, birds
Chronic toxicity: Carcinogenity, Terotogenity
Ames test: using cultures
,Aerobic vs anarobic - ANSWER-Aerobic= oxygen to survive
Anarobic= no oxygen
aesceospores infect - ANSWER-wheat (produced on barberry as well)
Aflatoxin and effect on people - ANSWER--Prominant in India and Africa, no access to
healthy food
-Effects depend on what is consumed with it- Amount of proteins consumed in diet and
inclusion of vitamins
Men and children are more suceptable
Aflatoxin in midwest - ANSWER-Severe drought and was infected with A flavus
- Corn was suspected, and fed to cows, milk was contaminated
Aflatoxins - ANSWER-Aspergillus Flavus
Four different toxins
Coloreless, orderless and tasteless,
Grain may not show sign of infection
Produce in field or storage
most potent toxin known
Carcinogens, Mutagen, immunosupressent, Some animals relatively insensitive, Mice
60, no liver--> But rats -.5 mg/kg
Aflatoxins today - ANSWER-FDA set 20 ppb "normal corn"
2% of liver cancer in US due to aflatoxins
after establishing feeding sites, the adults of these types of pathogens never move
again - ANSWER-sedentary nematodes
After establishing feeding sites, the adults of these types of pathogens never move
again (general term) - ANSWER-sedentary nematodes
Agencies regulation of pesticides - ANSWER-EPA ( Enviromental protection agencies)-
Regulation of registration and regulation of pesticides
FDA ( Food and drug administration): After it leaves the farm
USDA (US Department of agriculture): Regulates the use of pesticides on the farm
Agency that looks at pesticides while on the farm - ANSWER-USDA
Agency that looks at the whole process - ANSWER-EPA
Agency that will inspect food after it has left the farm, tolerance levels - ANSWER-FDA
Agriculture soil - ANSWER-Loams
- mixture of sizes and minerals
-good combination of water drainage and retention
, -Half of the soil has air space
Air pollution and acid rain - ANSWER--Contamination of the air with man made products
- Over fertilizing
SO2 and NOx
-Low concentration intevening of leaves
- High concentration
- Bronzing or bleaching of plant leaves
-Ozone- Leaf flecking
Acid rain- Dissolves metal, affects aquatic life,
Plants harm: Changes Nutrients in the soil, Forrest decline
All plant pathogenic nematodes are - ANSWER-obligate parasites
All rust fungi are - ANSWER-obligate
alleles - ANSWER-versions of genes
Allowale daily intake - ANSWER-Accummulation across food
An organism gets it's energy from a host - ANSWER-Parasite
An organism that harms another organism - ANSWER-Pathogen
Ancestors of Wheat - ANSWER-Einkorn and Emmer
And question five: How are plant viruses usually disseminated, and how are they
usually managed? - ANSWER-Disseminated by vectors-through insects with sucking
mouth parts and survive in their saliva
And question five: How can a plant monoculture have a high level of genetic diversity? -
ANSWER-
And Question five: How have humans used fungi for food and food processing? -
ANSWER-
And Question five: In terms of human health, how does the relative risk of pesticide
residues on food compare to other risks, such as traveling in a car or swimming in a
pool? - ANSWER-
And question five: We have studied several diseases of trees this semester. What
management strategies have been and are used for these diseases? - ANSWER-
Anton de Bary - ANSWER-Father of plant pathology
Discovered the disease cycle for Late blight
Zoospores formed from sporangia and thought Zoospores could cause disease
