Part 2
Week 743) : car 11 , 17,9
Emotions = a
response of our brain to a positive or negative event which results in a certain behavior d physiological responses
,
↳ Valuable to survival .
Emotions we experience today have endured natural selection .
LD Ekman & Friesen have classified 6 basic based facial
emotions on
similarity in expressions across cultures
↳ all other emotions are combinations
Anxietyefear
→ The amygdala is an important brain structure related to the generation of fear
→
fear is often studied by means of fear
conditioning in animals
→ =
of
a measure emotional response
LB How does this ? Via the startle
work BE
pathway
①
I
T
② -
③
→
It does this through
making the nucleus reticular is
more sensitive to stimulation
/ Q seoasiithyattitrowuignfinreaermoomreauators
'
the conditioned
Stimulus is
paired ✓
from the
With the unconditioned ) amygdala
)
stimulus in
basolateral group
the
of
\ ( -
output
the amygdala input nucleus
nucleus
↳ will become more activated
& cause behavioral change
In humans : You don't need to perform fear conditioning . Telling Sb they 'll receive a shock will lead to
anticipatory
-
anxiety as
Shown by a
sweating response
£
This A stress
B- doesn't show in
patients with
amygdala damage .
[ respons
to the actual
"
shock itself
be followed
e.g .
Blue
squares will by ←
missing shows in both
" I
a shock -
Bo
, fear words -
neutral words = fear
respons
You can also use fmri to show fear responses in the
amygdala using substraction .
in
amygda
functioning of
③
the amygdala
①
1.
-
• learning can take
↳ faction) here
place
↳
( rest )
Go ②
!
I
r÷:% activates
direct So transmission to the
central nucleus can be :
will cause
←
-
-
Direct
physiological
'
"
responses
indie -
Indirect • Via basal nucleus
,
• Via accessory basal nucleus
LB This process will cause 2 distinct reactions :
⑦ It gets you ready for action ② It makes sure to provide you with extra energy for action through
stress hormones
( rest )
( action )
↳ This
negative feedback loop to the
= t process causes
prevent overproduction immune system to be
Supressed (because this
Influencers on the amygdala uses up energy which
" " "/÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷"÷ ÷
be freed up )
°¥E9T""""
needs to
Glutamate stimulates
✓ the amygdala
Amygdala I emotion
recognition
" "
"
B Patients amygdala lesions have trouble
-
with
on faces
② recognizing emotions
, especially fear
+
they tend not to
•
look at the eyes
,The ventromedial Prefrontal cortex
TB• The prefrontal frm PFC ) for behavior
\
ventromedial cortex is important controlling emotional .
↳ works by controlling the amygdala (with GABA )
Ps
Evidence :
•
Phineas Gage -
•
damage to the VMPFC causes a
change in emotional behavior
•
The amygdala (emotional behavior ) develops earlier than the prefrontal lobe
↳ aggressive behavior in children t correlated with
amygdala volume
I -
correlated with VMPFC volume
Increased
•
subcortical brain activity ( incl .
amygdala ) & reduced prefrontal brain
activity is found in
particularly impulsive emotional killers
To The VMPFC involved social moral decisions Patients VMPFC often choice
is also in to with
damage more make a rational
The hippocampus ,
stress & cortisol
to The hippocampus can activate the amygdala based on learned fears
↳ This is positive because it can protect us from negative consequences
↳ negative because thinking of
negative consequences (without them
happening ) can also lead to stress
lanxiety too
damaging long - term
-
BE Depressed people generally have higher cortisol levels
↳
No negative feedback loop = ①
& disrupted
BB
\
Increased cortisol levels
This will lead to :
⑦ Inhibition of the hippocampus by receptor down regulation
BE Cortisol will reduce the amount of receptors in the hippocampus . They will fire less or not at all I no firing = death .
B- This can lead to problems too often observed in depressives
memory
② Continued / Increased supression of the immune system
•
The immune system uses lymphocytes ( white blood cell ) & they communicate using cytokines .
LA Cortisol interferes I thus the (to energy )
with
cytokine signals Supressed immune system save
L This makes to
you more prone sickness
Subjective feelings of emotions
BE Besides physiological reactions & behavioral changes ,
emotions in humans come with subjective feelings
BE James lange theory
-
=
feelings are a
consequence of awareness I interpretation of physiological responses to an event
' '
↳
'
we are sad because we
cry
'
I not we
cry because we're sad
, facial expressions of emotions
2 Spontaneous
ways
•
:
•
Voluntary (on command ) for Difficult to make it seem real because we have no control over our
obiculair is oculi ( smiling with our eyes )
↳ neural pathways :
By
both
-
by left
-
•
Physiological responses &
£
facial expressions are
strongly coupled
↳• facial expressions give feedback to the
body I
can cause a
physiological response
( e.g .
anxious face = increased sweating )
LB facial expressions also influences emotional feelings
#
Sleep
Stages of sleep /
-
-
pneuronsinthebrainareextrenage.ly
-
DWhenyou'rerelaxedoRextRemelyfowf
•
!
go.im?genYseeYoIanwfaI:ica77Ii7geoefeeiliuefal ing
be from this stage
you can easily aroused &
→
n÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
More regular breathing less sensitive to
,
it: G .
. . . . .in . .. . . .. .im
Effeminately
to
you are now very hard wake up t
you'd the first hours & stay longer in
bwnoawn.pe?fmdidsoRiaenmtsatewdji stage REM later
-
2 and
during the night
quite dull .
When waking A
/
up spontaneously you ,
%eE.%7E.EE?.:Tuijoti: .7. 9:iaY.. Y
after from REM sleep
while reversing the sleep cycle 90 minutes usually wake
up .
"
t.taihe.e.am: ns.ereaaoaremsieeecan
you get rapid eye movement , your body is paralyzed
dreams in REM can be bizarre
+
your
Rem sleep characteristics Slow wave sleep characteristics ( stage 314 )
-
Strong Really
• •
supression of external stimuli except meaningful ones (survival ) strong supression of external stimuli
•
•
EEG de synchronization ( waves similar to being )
•
Low probability
awake of waking up spontaneously
PGO fragmented
•
before REM sleep activity from the pons 120% )
•
waves just = to dreams with strong emotions & bad recall
the When
•
lateral geniculate nucleus ( LONI to the visual cortex woken up , you 'll be disoriented & drowsy
leading to eye movements l story like but non -
logical dreaming
-0 Non -
logical because of absent frontal lobe activity
•
Paresis of skeletal muscles (so you don't act out your dreams)
•
Increased genital activity ( non - erotic )
High
00
of If do 'll be
probability waking spontaneously .
you , you
immediately alert & there's a high chance of dream recall 175 -
95% )
Week 743) : car 11 , 17,9
Emotions = a
response of our brain to a positive or negative event which results in a certain behavior d physiological responses
,
↳ Valuable to survival .
Emotions we experience today have endured natural selection .
LD Ekman & Friesen have classified 6 basic based facial
emotions on
similarity in expressions across cultures
↳ all other emotions are combinations
Anxietyefear
→ The amygdala is an important brain structure related to the generation of fear
→
fear is often studied by means of fear
conditioning in animals
→ =
of
a measure emotional response
LB How does this ? Via the startle
work BE
pathway
①
I
T
② -
③
→
It does this through
making the nucleus reticular is
more sensitive to stimulation
/ Q seoasiithyattitrowuignfinreaermoomreauators
'
the conditioned
Stimulus is
paired ✓
from the
With the unconditioned ) amygdala
)
stimulus in
basolateral group
the
of
\ ( -
output
the amygdala input nucleus
nucleus
↳ will become more activated
& cause behavioral change
In humans : You don't need to perform fear conditioning . Telling Sb they 'll receive a shock will lead to
anticipatory
-
anxiety as
Shown by a
sweating response
£
This A stress
B- doesn't show in
patients with
amygdala damage .
[ respons
to the actual
"
shock itself
be followed
e.g .
Blue
squares will by ←
missing shows in both
" I
a shock -
Bo
, fear words -
neutral words = fear
respons
You can also use fmri to show fear responses in the
amygdala using substraction .
in
amygda
functioning of
③
the amygdala
①
1.
-
• learning can take
↳ faction) here
place
↳
( rest )
Go ②
!
I
r÷:% activates
direct So transmission to the
central nucleus can be :
will cause
←
-
-
Direct
physiological
'
"
responses
indie -
Indirect • Via basal nucleus
,
• Via accessory basal nucleus
LB This process will cause 2 distinct reactions :
⑦ It gets you ready for action ② It makes sure to provide you with extra energy for action through
stress hormones
( rest )
( action )
↳ This
negative feedback loop to the
= t process causes
prevent overproduction immune system to be
Supressed (because this
Influencers on the amygdala uses up energy which
" " "/÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷"÷ ÷
be freed up )
°¥E9T""""
needs to
Glutamate stimulates
✓ the amygdala
Amygdala I emotion
recognition
" "
"
B Patients amygdala lesions have trouble
-
with
on faces
② recognizing emotions
, especially fear
+
they tend not to
•
look at the eyes
,The ventromedial Prefrontal cortex
TB• The prefrontal frm PFC ) for behavior
\
ventromedial cortex is important controlling emotional .
↳ works by controlling the amygdala (with GABA )
Ps
Evidence :
•
Phineas Gage -
•
damage to the VMPFC causes a
change in emotional behavior
•
The amygdala (emotional behavior ) develops earlier than the prefrontal lobe
↳ aggressive behavior in children t correlated with
amygdala volume
I -
correlated with VMPFC volume
Increased
•
subcortical brain activity ( incl .
amygdala ) & reduced prefrontal brain
activity is found in
particularly impulsive emotional killers
To The VMPFC involved social moral decisions Patients VMPFC often choice
is also in to with
damage more make a rational
The hippocampus ,
stress & cortisol
to The hippocampus can activate the amygdala based on learned fears
↳ This is positive because it can protect us from negative consequences
↳ negative because thinking of
negative consequences (without them
happening ) can also lead to stress
lanxiety too
damaging long - term
-
BE Depressed people generally have higher cortisol levels
↳
No negative feedback loop = ①
& disrupted
BB
\
Increased cortisol levels
This will lead to :
⑦ Inhibition of the hippocampus by receptor down regulation
BE Cortisol will reduce the amount of receptors in the hippocampus . They will fire less or not at all I no firing = death .
B- This can lead to problems too often observed in depressives
memory
② Continued / Increased supression of the immune system
•
The immune system uses lymphocytes ( white blood cell ) & they communicate using cytokines .
LA Cortisol interferes I thus the (to energy )
with
cytokine signals Supressed immune system save
L This makes to
you more prone sickness
Subjective feelings of emotions
BE Besides physiological reactions & behavioral changes ,
emotions in humans come with subjective feelings
BE James lange theory
-
=
feelings are a
consequence of awareness I interpretation of physiological responses to an event
' '
↳
'
we are sad because we
cry
'
I not we
cry because we're sad
, facial expressions of emotions
2 Spontaneous
ways
•
:
•
Voluntary (on command ) for Difficult to make it seem real because we have no control over our
obiculair is oculi ( smiling with our eyes )
↳ neural pathways :
By
both
-
by left
-
•
Physiological responses &
£
facial expressions are
strongly coupled
↳• facial expressions give feedback to the
body I
can cause a
physiological response
( e.g .
anxious face = increased sweating )
LB facial expressions also influences emotional feelings
#
Sleep
Stages of sleep /
-
-
pneuronsinthebrainareextrenage.ly
-
DWhenyou'rerelaxedoRextRemelyfowf
•
!
go.im?genYseeYoIanwfaI:ica77Ii7geoefeeiliuefal ing
be from this stage
you can easily aroused &
→
n÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
More regular breathing less sensitive to
,
it: G .
. . . . .in . .. . . .. .im
Effeminately
to
you are now very hard wake up t
you'd the first hours & stay longer in
bwnoawn.pe?fmdidsoRiaenmtsatewdji stage REM later
-
2 and
during the night
quite dull .
When waking A
/
up spontaneously you ,
%eE.%7E.EE?.:Tuijoti: .7. 9:iaY.. Y
after from REM sleep
while reversing the sleep cycle 90 minutes usually wake
up .
"
t.taihe.e.am: ns.ereaaoaremsieeecan
you get rapid eye movement , your body is paralyzed
dreams in REM can be bizarre
+
your
Rem sleep characteristics Slow wave sleep characteristics ( stage 314 )
-
Strong Really
• •
supression of external stimuli except meaningful ones (survival ) strong supression of external stimuli
•
•
EEG de synchronization ( waves similar to being )
•
Low probability
awake of waking up spontaneously
PGO fragmented
•
before REM sleep activity from the pons 120% )
•
waves just = to dreams with strong emotions & bad recall
the When
•
lateral geniculate nucleus ( LONI to the visual cortex woken up , you 'll be disoriented & drowsy
leading to eye movements l story like but non -
logical dreaming
-0 Non -
logical because of absent frontal lobe activity
•
Paresis of skeletal muscles (so you don't act out your dreams)
•
Increased genital activity ( non - erotic )
High
00
of If do 'll be
probability waking spontaneously .
you , you
immediately alert & there's a high chance of dream recall 175 -
95% )
