Pedorthics Final Exam/301
questions with Answers
What does a pedorthist do? - -A pedorthist understands the properties of
footwear and the interaction between a patient's foot and the device or shoe,
which makes them skilled at evaluating feet and fitting footwear
-Anatomical planes - -Coronal, sagittal, transverse
-Columns of the foot - -Medial - 1st metatarsal, medial cuneiform
Middle - 2nd/3rd metatarsal, intermediate/lateral cuneiform
Lateral - 4th/5th metatarsal, cuboid
-Sections of the foot - -Forefoot - distal phalanges 1-5, intermediate
phalanges 2-5, proximal phalanges 1-5, metatarsals 1-5
Midfoot - medial/intermediate/lateral cuneiforms, cuboid, navicular
Hindfoot (rearfoot) - talus, calcaneus
-Name the joints of the foot and ankle complex - -Talocrural (ankle);
subtalar (talocalcaneal); transverse tarsal (midtarsal, Chopart) [talonavicular,
calcaneocuboid]; tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc); metatarsophalangeal (MTP);
proximal/distal interphalangeal (PIPs, DIPs)
-Type of joint & motions: talocrural - -Hinge; dorsiflexion, plantarflexion
-Type of joint & motions: subtalar - -Oblique condyloid; pronosupination
-Type of joint & motions: transverse tarsal - -TN - ball & socket; inversion,
eversion
CC - modified saddle; inversion, eversion
[oblique, longitudinal]
-Type of joint & motions: tarsometatarsal - -Planar
-Type of joint & motions: metatarsophalangeal - -Condyloid; DF, PF,
adduction, abduction, circumduction
-Type of joint & motions: interphalangeal - -Hinge; flexion, extension
-Four levels of PF amputation - -Subtalar, Chopart, Lisfranc, MTP
-4 purposes of the foot - -Shock absorption, rigid propulsion, adverse
terrain, structural platform
, -Three arches of the foot - -Medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal,
transverse
-Bones of medial arch - -Calcaneus, navicular, all 3 cuneiforms, mets 1-3
-Bones of the lateral arch - -Lateral tubercle of calcaneus, cuboid, mets 4-5
-Bones of the transverse arch - -Cuneiforms, cuboid, metatarsals 1-5
-Ligaments of medial arch - -Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring), plantar
aponeurosis, short/long plantar
-Ligaments of the lateral arch - -Short & long plantar
-Ligaments of the transverse arch - -Deep transverse ligaments
-Muscles of medial arch - -Tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis
longus, gastrocnemius, soleus
-Muscles of lateral arch - -Peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, plantar fascia,
intrinsics
-Muscles of transverse arch - -Adductor hallucis, interossei, peroneus
longus, peroneus brevis
-Bones that form the basis of weight bearing - -Met heads (specifically 1,5),
calcaneus
-Column that is most weight bearing - -Lateral
-Which is the stronger side of the ankle and why? - -Lateral; ligament
positioning & fibula bony stop
-What determines the motion of each joint? - -Angle of joint (oblique)
-Motion of talocrural joint axis - -See saw
-Motion of subtalar joint axis - -Triplanar motion
-Plane, section, joint: dorsiflexion & plantarflexion - -Plane - sagittal
Section - ankle; hindfoot
Joint - talocrural; subtalar
-Plane, section, joint: inversion & eversion - -Plane - coronal
Section - hindfoot; forefoot
Joint - subtalar; tarsometatarsal
, -Plane, section, joint: abduction & adduction - -Plane - transverse
Section - forefoot
Joint - tarsometatarsal
-Plane, section, joint: varus & valgus - -Plane - coronal
Section - forefoot, hindfoot
Joint - tarsometatarsal, subtalar
-Plane, section, joint: supination & pronation - -Plane - triplanar
Section - ankle; hindfoot; midfoot; forefoot
Joint - talocrural; subtalar; transverse tarsal; tarsometatarsal
-Difference between open chain and closed chain - -Open chain - non-
weight bearing; distal link free
Closed chain - weight bearing; distal link fixed
-Open chain pronation motions & planes - -Calcaneal eversion (coronal);
talocrural dorsiflexion (sagittal); medial rotation of tib/fib (transverse);
forefoot abduction (transverse)
-Open chain supination motions & planes - -Calcaneal inversion (coronal);
talocrural plantarflexion (sagittal); lateral rotation of tib/fib (transverse);
forefoot adduction (transverse)
-Closed chain pronation motions & planes - -Calcaneal eversion (coronal);
Talar adduction (coronal); Talar plantarflexion (sagittal); talocrural
dorsiflexion (sagittal); medial rotation of tib/fib (transverse); forefoot
abduction (transverse)
-Closed chain supination motions & planes - -Calcaneal inversion (coronal);
Talar abduction (coronal); Talar dorsiflexion (sagittal); talocrural
plantarflexion (sagittal); lateral rotation of tib/fib (transverse); forefoot
adduction (transverse)
-Pes cavus - -High arch
-Pes varus - -Rearfoot inversion
-Pes planus - -Flatfoot
-Navicular drop - -Measures midfoot flexibility/unlocking during pronation
-WB STJ in supination - -MTJ axis not parallel; MTJ locked; talus stacked on
calcaneus; rigid propulsion; occurs during Midstance and slightly during
terminal stance
questions with Answers
What does a pedorthist do? - -A pedorthist understands the properties of
footwear and the interaction between a patient's foot and the device or shoe,
which makes them skilled at evaluating feet and fitting footwear
-Anatomical planes - -Coronal, sagittal, transverse
-Columns of the foot - -Medial - 1st metatarsal, medial cuneiform
Middle - 2nd/3rd metatarsal, intermediate/lateral cuneiform
Lateral - 4th/5th metatarsal, cuboid
-Sections of the foot - -Forefoot - distal phalanges 1-5, intermediate
phalanges 2-5, proximal phalanges 1-5, metatarsals 1-5
Midfoot - medial/intermediate/lateral cuneiforms, cuboid, navicular
Hindfoot (rearfoot) - talus, calcaneus
-Name the joints of the foot and ankle complex - -Talocrural (ankle);
subtalar (talocalcaneal); transverse tarsal (midtarsal, Chopart) [talonavicular,
calcaneocuboid]; tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc); metatarsophalangeal (MTP);
proximal/distal interphalangeal (PIPs, DIPs)
-Type of joint & motions: talocrural - -Hinge; dorsiflexion, plantarflexion
-Type of joint & motions: subtalar - -Oblique condyloid; pronosupination
-Type of joint & motions: transverse tarsal - -TN - ball & socket; inversion,
eversion
CC - modified saddle; inversion, eversion
[oblique, longitudinal]
-Type of joint & motions: tarsometatarsal - -Planar
-Type of joint & motions: metatarsophalangeal - -Condyloid; DF, PF,
adduction, abduction, circumduction
-Type of joint & motions: interphalangeal - -Hinge; flexion, extension
-Four levels of PF amputation - -Subtalar, Chopart, Lisfranc, MTP
-4 purposes of the foot - -Shock absorption, rigid propulsion, adverse
terrain, structural platform
, -Three arches of the foot - -Medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal,
transverse
-Bones of medial arch - -Calcaneus, navicular, all 3 cuneiforms, mets 1-3
-Bones of the lateral arch - -Lateral tubercle of calcaneus, cuboid, mets 4-5
-Bones of the transverse arch - -Cuneiforms, cuboid, metatarsals 1-5
-Ligaments of medial arch - -Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring), plantar
aponeurosis, short/long plantar
-Ligaments of the lateral arch - -Short & long plantar
-Ligaments of the transverse arch - -Deep transverse ligaments
-Muscles of medial arch - -Tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis
longus, gastrocnemius, soleus
-Muscles of lateral arch - -Peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, plantar fascia,
intrinsics
-Muscles of transverse arch - -Adductor hallucis, interossei, peroneus
longus, peroneus brevis
-Bones that form the basis of weight bearing - -Met heads (specifically 1,5),
calcaneus
-Column that is most weight bearing - -Lateral
-Which is the stronger side of the ankle and why? - -Lateral; ligament
positioning & fibula bony stop
-What determines the motion of each joint? - -Angle of joint (oblique)
-Motion of talocrural joint axis - -See saw
-Motion of subtalar joint axis - -Triplanar motion
-Plane, section, joint: dorsiflexion & plantarflexion - -Plane - sagittal
Section - ankle; hindfoot
Joint - talocrural; subtalar
-Plane, section, joint: inversion & eversion - -Plane - coronal
Section - hindfoot; forefoot
Joint - subtalar; tarsometatarsal
, -Plane, section, joint: abduction & adduction - -Plane - transverse
Section - forefoot
Joint - tarsometatarsal
-Plane, section, joint: varus & valgus - -Plane - coronal
Section - forefoot, hindfoot
Joint - tarsometatarsal, subtalar
-Plane, section, joint: supination & pronation - -Plane - triplanar
Section - ankle; hindfoot; midfoot; forefoot
Joint - talocrural; subtalar; transverse tarsal; tarsometatarsal
-Difference between open chain and closed chain - -Open chain - non-
weight bearing; distal link free
Closed chain - weight bearing; distal link fixed
-Open chain pronation motions & planes - -Calcaneal eversion (coronal);
talocrural dorsiflexion (sagittal); medial rotation of tib/fib (transverse);
forefoot abduction (transverse)
-Open chain supination motions & planes - -Calcaneal inversion (coronal);
talocrural plantarflexion (sagittal); lateral rotation of tib/fib (transverse);
forefoot adduction (transverse)
-Closed chain pronation motions & planes - -Calcaneal eversion (coronal);
Talar adduction (coronal); Talar plantarflexion (sagittal); talocrural
dorsiflexion (sagittal); medial rotation of tib/fib (transverse); forefoot
abduction (transverse)
-Closed chain supination motions & planes - -Calcaneal inversion (coronal);
Talar abduction (coronal); Talar dorsiflexion (sagittal); talocrural
plantarflexion (sagittal); lateral rotation of tib/fib (transverse); forefoot
adduction (transverse)
-Pes cavus - -High arch
-Pes varus - -Rearfoot inversion
-Pes planus - -Flatfoot
-Navicular drop - -Measures midfoot flexibility/unlocking during pronation
-WB STJ in supination - -MTJ axis not parallel; MTJ locked; talus stacked on
calcaneus; rigid propulsion; occurs during Midstance and slightly during
terminal stance
