Pathophy 2270 Exam 3 Latest
Questions Solved Correctly.
Psychoneuroimmunology is the study of the interaction of what 3 systems? - Answer Brain, immune
system, conscious
What is the difference between perceived and real stressors? - Answer Perceived: anticipatory
response in the limbic system
Real: info from sensory system/ limbic system
What is the limbic system's role in the stress response? - Answer it initiates stress response to brain
stem, brain activates sympathetic nervous system
What happens in the alarm stage? - Answer fight or flight
What happens in the adaptation stage? - Answer resistance and mobilization contributing to fight or
flight
what happens in the exhaustion stage? - Answer allostatic overload
Catecholamines are secreted in response to nervous system stimulation. - Answer sympathetic
which organ releases catecholamines? - Answer adrenal medulla
how do the effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine differ? - Answer Norepi: increases BP,
piloerection, dilated pupils, sweat response
Epi: cardiac action, increased heart rate, bronchodilation, metabolic regulation (glycogenolysis)
the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis results in release of cortisol. What is the role of ACTH in this
process? - Answer The axis triggers ACTH which triggers the release of cortisol
,What is the main adaptive function of cortisol in the stress response? - Answer Makes energy available
Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis. What are the adaptive effects of gluconeogenesis? - Answer
Promotes insulin resistance, elevates blood glucose
How does chronic cortisol exposure affect risk for diabetes? - Answer Obesity, elevated blood glucose
Chronic exposure to cortisol results in. innate immunity and increased autoimmune response. - Answer
decreased
How do endorphins protect us from stress? - Answer Delay mechanisms that increase blood pressure
What is prolactin's role in the stress response? - Answer Lactation + B-cell activation and differentiation
In chronic stress, there can be a T-helper 1 to T-helper 2 shift. What are the results of this shift? - Answer
cytokines secreted by TH2 cells inhibit TH1 cells; results in increased allergic and autoimmune reactions
What are some diseases or conditions associated with chronic stress? - Answer Obesity, metabolic
syndrome, type 2 diabetes, heart disease
What are differences between adaptive and chronic, pathophysiologic, stress exposure? - Answer
Acute: increased blood flow, increased available energy, inhibits inflammation, promotes resolution +
repair
Chronic: decreased innate immunity, increased autoimmune response, increased risk for disease
Identify the functions of the lung. - Answer Gas exchange
Supply O2 + eliminate CO2
What happens to the PaCO2 if a person hypo-ventilates (takes fewer or shallower breaths)? (hint: normal
PaCO2 is 35-45 mmHg). - Answer Hypoventilation causes PaCO2 to elevate
, Hyperventilation causes PaCO2 to decrease
List and describe the four steps of oxygen transport. - Answer 1. Ventilation of lungs
2. Diffusion of O2 from alveoli into capillary bed
3. Perfusion of systemic capillaries w/ oxygenated blood
4. Diffusing of O2 from systemic capillaries into cells
What is the function of surfactant? - Answer Acts as oily substance to allow for inflation of the alveoli;
prevents alveolar collapse
decreases surface tension
How does inadequate exhalation lead to air trapping? What are the effects of air trapping? - Answer
The bronchial walls collapse
Causes pains during inhalation, shortness of breath, result of obstruction
Define hypoxemia. - Answer an abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood
What are the causes of hypoxemia? - Answer dec PaO2 - high altitude, hypoventilation, V/Q mismatch,
shunting, diffusion
What are the early clinical manifestations of hypoxemia? - Answer Tachycardia, mild increase in BP,
diaphoresis (stress), confusion (CNS), loss of judgement
What are the late clinical manifestations of hypoxemia? - Answer Stupor, decreased BP, myocardium
doesn't get enough O2
Define lung volumes. How do you calculate effective minute ventilation? - Answer Dead space:
oropharynx to division 16 (roughly equal to ideal body weight)
Tidal volume: volume of air per breath (400-800 mL)
IRV: 3,000 mL of additional air that could be inhaled
ERV: 1,000 mL of remaining air after exhaling
Questions Solved Correctly.
Psychoneuroimmunology is the study of the interaction of what 3 systems? - Answer Brain, immune
system, conscious
What is the difference between perceived and real stressors? - Answer Perceived: anticipatory
response in the limbic system
Real: info from sensory system/ limbic system
What is the limbic system's role in the stress response? - Answer it initiates stress response to brain
stem, brain activates sympathetic nervous system
What happens in the alarm stage? - Answer fight or flight
What happens in the adaptation stage? - Answer resistance and mobilization contributing to fight or
flight
what happens in the exhaustion stage? - Answer allostatic overload
Catecholamines are secreted in response to nervous system stimulation. - Answer sympathetic
which organ releases catecholamines? - Answer adrenal medulla
how do the effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine differ? - Answer Norepi: increases BP,
piloerection, dilated pupils, sweat response
Epi: cardiac action, increased heart rate, bronchodilation, metabolic regulation (glycogenolysis)
the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis results in release of cortisol. What is the role of ACTH in this
process? - Answer The axis triggers ACTH which triggers the release of cortisol
,What is the main adaptive function of cortisol in the stress response? - Answer Makes energy available
Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis. What are the adaptive effects of gluconeogenesis? - Answer
Promotes insulin resistance, elevates blood glucose
How does chronic cortisol exposure affect risk for diabetes? - Answer Obesity, elevated blood glucose
Chronic exposure to cortisol results in. innate immunity and increased autoimmune response. - Answer
decreased
How do endorphins protect us from stress? - Answer Delay mechanisms that increase blood pressure
What is prolactin's role in the stress response? - Answer Lactation + B-cell activation and differentiation
In chronic stress, there can be a T-helper 1 to T-helper 2 shift. What are the results of this shift? - Answer
cytokines secreted by TH2 cells inhibit TH1 cells; results in increased allergic and autoimmune reactions
What are some diseases or conditions associated with chronic stress? - Answer Obesity, metabolic
syndrome, type 2 diabetes, heart disease
What are differences between adaptive and chronic, pathophysiologic, stress exposure? - Answer
Acute: increased blood flow, increased available energy, inhibits inflammation, promotes resolution +
repair
Chronic: decreased innate immunity, increased autoimmune response, increased risk for disease
Identify the functions of the lung. - Answer Gas exchange
Supply O2 + eliminate CO2
What happens to the PaCO2 if a person hypo-ventilates (takes fewer or shallower breaths)? (hint: normal
PaCO2 is 35-45 mmHg). - Answer Hypoventilation causes PaCO2 to elevate
, Hyperventilation causes PaCO2 to decrease
List and describe the four steps of oxygen transport. - Answer 1. Ventilation of lungs
2. Diffusion of O2 from alveoli into capillary bed
3. Perfusion of systemic capillaries w/ oxygenated blood
4. Diffusing of O2 from systemic capillaries into cells
What is the function of surfactant? - Answer Acts as oily substance to allow for inflation of the alveoli;
prevents alveolar collapse
decreases surface tension
How does inadequate exhalation lead to air trapping? What are the effects of air trapping? - Answer
The bronchial walls collapse
Causes pains during inhalation, shortness of breath, result of obstruction
Define hypoxemia. - Answer an abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood
What are the causes of hypoxemia? - Answer dec PaO2 - high altitude, hypoventilation, V/Q mismatch,
shunting, diffusion
What are the early clinical manifestations of hypoxemia? - Answer Tachycardia, mild increase in BP,
diaphoresis (stress), confusion (CNS), loss of judgement
What are the late clinical manifestations of hypoxemia? - Answer Stupor, decreased BP, myocardium
doesn't get enough O2
Define lung volumes. How do you calculate effective minute ventilation? - Answer Dead space:
oropharynx to division 16 (roughly equal to ideal body weight)
Tidal volume: volume of air per breath (400-800 mL)
IRV: 3,000 mL of additional air that could be inhaled
ERV: 1,000 mL of remaining air after exhaling
