BIO 270 Exam 1 Hynd (Graded A+ actual test)

Types of Muscle Tissue - ️️1) Skeletal 2) Cardiac 3) Smooth Extrinsic controls - ️️come from outside the organ - neural and hormonal control of low blood pressure Two components of extracellular fluid - ️️Plasma & Interstitial Fluid Homeostasis - ️️the maintenance of a relatively stable living environment - essential for survival and function of all cells Function depends on - ️️Structure Extracellular fluid - ️️fluid environment in which cells live (fluid outside of the cells) Intracellular fluid - ️️fluid contained within all cells Physiology - ️️the processes enabling cells, tissues, systems, and organisms to function Cell Functions - ️️1) Obtaining oxygen and nutrients from the environment 2) Performing energy-generating chemical reactions (food + O2 --> H2O + energy) 3) Eliminate waste (CO2) 4) Synthesize proteins 5) Moving material through the cell (RNA, proteins, messengers) 6) Responding to the environment 7) Reproducing Levels of Organization - ️️1) Chemical 2) Cellular 3) Tissue 4) Organ 5) Body system Chemical Level - ️️individual atoms; building blocks that make life possible -oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen = 96-99% of the body Cellular Level - ️️a cell; the fundamental unit of structure and function (many atoms bind together to form a cell) Tissue Level - ️️cells of similar structure and function combine to form tissuesFour Types of Tissues - ️️1) Muscle 2) Nervous 3) Epithelial 4) Connective Muscle Tissue - ️️cells specialized for contracting; generate tension to produce movement Nervous Tissue - ️️Specialize in initializing and transmitting electrical signals over long distance - Communication, Coordination, & Control - Brain, Spinal Cord, Peripheral nerves, special senses Epithelial Tissue - ️️Specialized for exchanging materials between cells and environment; Organized into Epithelial Sheets & Secretory Glands Functions of Epithelial Tissue - ️️1) Protection - boundaries from external environment; skin & body openings 2) Absorption - Large intestine & small intestine 3) Secretion - Endocrine glands & Exocrine glands Glands (epithelium) - ️️specialized epithelium for secretion; formed by invaginating pockets during embryogenesis Two types of epithelial glands - ️️Exocrine Gland - ducts Endocrine Gland - no ducts Connective Tissue - ️️few cells surrounded by an abundance of extracellular material; connects, supports, and anchors various body part - Transportation & immunity - blood - Energy storage - fat Organs - ️️two or more types of tissues that function together to perform particular functions Organ systems - ️️group of organs organized into systems Circulatory system - ️️heart, blood, blood vessels Digestive system - ️️mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, salivary glands, exocrine, pancreas, liver, gallbladder Respiratory system - ️️nose, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, lungsUrinary system - ️️kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra Skeletal system - ️️bones, cartilage, joints Muscular system - ️️skeletal muscles Integumentary system - ️️skin, hair, nails Immune system - ️️lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, tonsils, adenoids, spleem, appendix Nervous system - ️️brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves Endocrine system - ️️all hormone secreting tissues, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, gonads, kidneys, pineal, thymus Reproductive system - ️️Male: testes, penis, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands Female: ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, breasts Homeostasis - ️️maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment as a result of compensatory regulatory responses How homeostatic control systems maintain factors in the internal environment - ️️1) detect deviations from normal 2) Integrate this information with other known information 3) Make adjustment to restore desired level