PSYCH 217 FINAL examination with
answers
Personality ✔an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Big Five Personality Traits ✔openness, conscientiousness, extraversion,
agreeableness, neuroticism
psychoanalytic theory (Freud) ✔A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain
personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants
of behavior -- ID, Ego, Superego
Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development ✔1. Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
4. Competence vs. Inferiority
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
8. Integrity vs. Despair
social learning theory ✔the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and
imitating and by being rewarded or punished
temperament ✔a person's tendencies to respond in predictable ways
Thomas and Chess Temperament Theory ✔easy (40%), difficult (10%), slow to warm
up (15%)
behavioral inhibition ✔the tendency to be extremely shy, restrained, and distressed in
response to unfamiliar people and situations; biologically bases
Three dimensions of temperament ✔Surgency/extraversion - the tendency to actively
and energetically approach new experiences in an emotionally positive way
Negative affectivity - the tendency to be sad, fearful, easily frustrated, and irritable
, Effortful control - the ability to focus and shift attention when desired, control one's
behavior and plan a course of action, and regulate or suppress one's emotions
self-esteem ✔how you feel about yourself
self-concept ✔all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question,
"Who am I?"
Influences on personality change/ lack thereof ✔Effects of early experiences, stability &
change of environment, gene-environment correlations, biological factors, poor person-
environmet fit
Social Cognition Theory ✔The way we think and understand other people and their
behaviors
theory of mind ✔people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their
feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
false belief task ✔A type of task used in theory-of-mind studies, in which the child must
infer that another person does not possess knowledge that he or she possesses (that is,
that other person holds a belief that is false).
Acquiring theory of mind ✔Desire psychology: understanding that different people have
different desires that guide their behaviors
Belief-desire psychology (by age 4): understanding that people have different beliefs
about what will fulfill their desires and they will act on those beliefs
The components of morality ✔Affective (emotional)
Cognitive
Behavioral
Perspectives on Moral Development: Psychoanalytic theory ✔Superego: conscience
part of self that acquires rules and guidelines
oedipus/electra complex → results in formation of super ego
Internalization of parental morals
Perspectives on moral development: Cognitive - developmental theory ✔Premoral
period: not moral beings
heteronomous morality: ages 6-10 → believes in rules from parents, focuses on
consequences to determine if something is good/bad
Autonomous morality: at 10/11; rules as social agreements and intention is more
important than consequence
Kohlberg: Reasoning about Moral Dilemmas level 1 ✔Level 1: preconventional morality
- Stage 1: punishment and obedience orientation
answers
Personality ✔an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Big Five Personality Traits ✔openness, conscientiousness, extraversion,
agreeableness, neuroticism
psychoanalytic theory (Freud) ✔A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain
personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants
of behavior -- ID, Ego, Superego
Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development ✔1. Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
4. Competence vs. Inferiority
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
8. Integrity vs. Despair
social learning theory ✔the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and
imitating and by being rewarded or punished
temperament ✔a person's tendencies to respond in predictable ways
Thomas and Chess Temperament Theory ✔easy (40%), difficult (10%), slow to warm
up (15%)
behavioral inhibition ✔the tendency to be extremely shy, restrained, and distressed in
response to unfamiliar people and situations; biologically bases
Three dimensions of temperament ✔Surgency/extraversion - the tendency to actively
and energetically approach new experiences in an emotionally positive way
Negative affectivity - the tendency to be sad, fearful, easily frustrated, and irritable
, Effortful control - the ability to focus and shift attention when desired, control one's
behavior and plan a course of action, and regulate or suppress one's emotions
self-esteem ✔how you feel about yourself
self-concept ✔all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question,
"Who am I?"
Influences on personality change/ lack thereof ✔Effects of early experiences, stability &
change of environment, gene-environment correlations, biological factors, poor person-
environmet fit
Social Cognition Theory ✔The way we think and understand other people and their
behaviors
theory of mind ✔people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their
feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
false belief task ✔A type of task used in theory-of-mind studies, in which the child must
infer that another person does not possess knowledge that he or she possesses (that is,
that other person holds a belief that is false).
Acquiring theory of mind ✔Desire psychology: understanding that different people have
different desires that guide their behaviors
Belief-desire psychology (by age 4): understanding that people have different beliefs
about what will fulfill their desires and they will act on those beliefs
The components of morality ✔Affective (emotional)
Cognitive
Behavioral
Perspectives on Moral Development: Psychoanalytic theory ✔Superego: conscience
part of self that acquires rules and guidelines
oedipus/electra complex → results in formation of super ego
Internalization of parental morals
Perspectives on moral development: Cognitive - developmental theory ✔Premoral
period: not moral beings
heteronomous morality: ages 6-10 → believes in rules from parents, focuses on
consequences to determine if something is good/bad
Autonomous morality: at 10/11; rules as social agreements and intention is more
important than consequence
Kohlberg: Reasoning about Moral Dilemmas level 1 ✔Level 1: preconventional morality
- Stage 1: punishment and obedience orientation
