NURS 3303 Exam 1 Questions And Correct Answers
Pathology - ANSWER the scientific study of disease
Etiology - ANSWER cause of disease
idiopathic - ANSWER cause of disease is unknown- occurs naturally
latrogenic - ANSWER causes due to medical complication, error, treatment, or
procedure.
predisposing factors - ANSWER tendencies that promote development of a disease in an
individual
- age, gender, inherited trauma, occupational exposure, dietary practices, smoking,
obesity.
precipitating factors - ANSWER condition that triggers an acute episode
complications - ANSWER new or secondary problems arising after the initial disease
Sequelae - ANSWER unwelcome results of a disease or injury
what causes disease? - ANSWER - genetic variations
- infections
- injury/trauma
- lifestyle
- enviornmental factors
,Functions of all cells - ANSWER - metabolic absorption: nutrient absorption
- respiration: oxidation by O2 by mitochondria
- excretion: removal of byproducts of metabolism Co2
- communication: internally and externally.
Adenosine tri-phosphate - ANSWER (ATP)
- energy source
Nutrients are transformed into energy by the mitochondria through the process of
AEROBIC metabolism. Involves: Kreb's cycle, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation.
Causes of cellular adaptation - ANSWER Ischemia or cellular hypoxia- lack of oxygen
(most common modality for cellular injury or death)
- inflammation
- nutritional disorders
- fluid/electrolyte imbalance
- microorganisms (infectious agents)
- free radical injury
- chemical agents
- genetic defects
hypertrophy - ANSWER the growth of an organ or tissue due to the increased size of its
cells.
causes: increased stimuli and increased workload or use physiologic stimuli and
pathologic stimuli(cardiomyopathy: enlarged heart/ left ventricle)
effects: enlargement of heart, enlargement of muscles, and hypertension- super hard
heart use. this also leads to angiogenesis: enlarged heart.
atrophy - ANSWER decreased tissue mass- cell degeneration and cells get smaller.
, causes: disuse or reduced metabolic requirement, reduction in blood flow(ISCHEMIA),
absence of nerve stimulation or use, absence of hormonal stimulation, poor nutrition,
aging.
Sodium-Postassium Pump - ANSWER - The maintenance of cellular movement Na+
outside and K+ inside requires energy.
- The sodium potassium pump uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to constantly move
these two ions in opposite directions across the plasma membrane.
- The mechanism is known as Active transport by Na+ and K+
- In Active Transport: for every 3 sodium ions out, 2 potassium ions are pumped inside.
Metaplasia- ANSWER Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type.
Ex: barrettes esophagus due to GERD
Dysplasia- ANSWER cells are atypical in size and shape within a tissue, there is an
increased rate of mitosis.
causes: chronic irritation, infection, or precancerous change.
Ex: cervical dysplasia, need to get regular yearly pap spears in women to catch early.
neoplasia - ANSWER the new and abnormal development of cells that may be benign or
malignant
apoptosis - ANSWER programmed cell death
antherogenesis - ANSWER is the progressive development of atherosclerotic plaque
within the arteries that is initiated by endothelial injury. areas of endothelial injury
undergo inflammation, which attracts white blood cells and platelets to the region. the
diminished vasodilatory capacity of the artery causes clot formations.
endothelium - ANSWER lining of arterial blood vessels
body's largest organ and causes wide spread effects due to it pertaining to the arteries.
Hypoxia - ANSWER due to ischemia or reduced blood supply of the tissue because of:
Pathology - ANSWER the scientific study of disease
Etiology - ANSWER cause of disease
idiopathic - ANSWER cause of disease is unknown- occurs naturally
latrogenic - ANSWER causes due to medical complication, error, treatment, or
procedure.
predisposing factors - ANSWER tendencies that promote development of a disease in an
individual
- age, gender, inherited trauma, occupational exposure, dietary practices, smoking,
obesity.
precipitating factors - ANSWER condition that triggers an acute episode
complications - ANSWER new or secondary problems arising after the initial disease
Sequelae - ANSWER unwelcome results of a disease or injury
what causes disease? - ANSWER - genetic variations
- infections
- injury/trauma
- lifestyle
- enviornmental factors
,Functions of all cells - ANSWER - metabolic absorption: nutrient absorption
- respiration: oxidation by O2 by mitochondria
- excretion: removal of byproducts of metabolism Co2
- communication: internally and externally.
Adenosine tri-phosphate - ANSWER (ATP)
- energy source
Nutrients are transformed into energy by the mitochondria through the process of
AEROBIC metabolism. Involves: Kreb's cycle, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation.
Causes of cellular adaptation - ANSWER Ischemia or cellular hypoxia- lack of oxygen
(most common modality for cellular injury or death)
- inflammation
- nutritional disorders
- fluid/electrolyte imbalance
- microorganisms (infectious agents)
- free radical injury
- chemical agents
- genetic defects
hypertrophy - ANSWER the growth of an organ or tissue due to the increased size of its
cells.
causes: increased stimuli and increased workload or use physiologic stimuli and
pathologic stimuli(cardiomyopathy: enlarged heart/ left ventricle)
effects: enlargement of heart, enlargement of muscles, and hypertension- super hard
heart use. this also leads to angiogenesis: enlarged heart.
atrophy - ANSWER decreased tissue mass- cell degeneration and cells get smaller.
, causes: disuse or reduced metabolic requirement, reduction in blood flow(ISCHEMIA),
absence of nerve stimulation or use, absence of hormonal stimulation, poor nutrition,
aging.
Sodium-Postassium Pump - ANSWER - The maintenance of cellular movement Na+
outside and K+ inside requires energy.
- The sodium potassium pump uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to constantly move
these two ions in opposite directions across the plasma membrane.
- The mechanism is known as Active transport by Na+ and K+
- In Active Transport: for every 3 sodium ions out, 2 potassium ions are pumped inside.
Metaplasia- ANSWER Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type.
Ex: barrettes esophagus due to GERD
Dysplasia- ANSWER cells are atypical in size and shape within a tissue, there is an
increased rate of mitosis.
causes: chronic irritation, infection, or precancerous change.
Ex: cervical dysplasia, need to get regular yearly pap spears in women to catch early.
neoplasia - ANSWER the new and abnormal development of cells that may be benign or
malignant
apoptosis - ANSWER programmed cell death
antherogenesis - ANSWER is the progressive development of atherosclerotic plaque
within the arteries that is initiated by endothelial injury. areas of endothelial injury
undergo inflammation, which attracts white blood cells and platelets to the region. the
diminished vasodilatory capacity of the artery causes clot formations.
endothelium - ANSWER lining of arterial blood vessels
body's largest organ and causes wide spread effects due to it pertaining to the arteries.
Hypoxia - ANSWER due to ischemia or reduced blood supply of the tissue because of:
