Bio 54 SJSU questions and answers
Embryonic Stem Cells✔✔pluripotent; can form almost any type of cell in the human
body except those in the placenta; can make cells for any system
Stem Cells✔✔unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop
TWO MAIN CHARACTERISTICS:
1. self-renewal ability
2. ability to differentiate into all kinds of cells in the body
Types of Stem Cells✔✔1. embryonic (pluripotent)
2. adult stem cells
3. induced pluripotent (iPSCs)
Abnormal Blood Fats✔✔high levels of triglycerides & LDL(bad) cholesterol & low
levels of HDL(good) cholesterol; risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD)
What is a pathogen and what are the 6 types?✔✔a disease causing agent
1. bacteria
2. virus
3. protozoans
parasitic worm
4. fungi
5. prions
What is the process of infection?✔✔1. host must be susceptible
2. immune system is compromised
3. transmitting agent is present
4. environment must be hospitable to the pathogen
Immunity✔✔condition of being able to resist a disease by counteracting the
substance that produces the disease
Antigen✔✔any substance capable of triggering an immune response
Antibodies✔✔produced by the body and are matched to specific antigens
How does your body respond to pathogens?✔✔skin= physical barrier
enzymes= complex protein in sweat that create inhospitable environment to
pathogens
mucous membranes= trap organisms
cilia= hair-like protozoans that sweep trapped organisms toward body openings so
they can be expelled
Unsaturated fats✔✔-come from plants and include most vegetable oils
-liquid at room temperature
-double bond
, Long term effects of alcohol✔✔- effects on the nervous system
- cardiovascular effects
- liver disease; cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis
- cancer
- chronic inflammation of the pancreas ability to recognize and fight bacteria and
viruses
What is the digestive process?✔✔1. mouth; increase production of saliva
2. esophagus; connects mouth and stomach
3. stomach; food mixed by muscular contractions and broken down with enzymes
and acids
4. small intestine; enzymes and bile from liver
5. large intestine; water and salts reabsorbed
6. rectum/anus; solid waste released
Obesogenic✔✔- environments that promote increase food intake, unhealthy foods
and physical inactivity
- refers to conditions that lead people to become obese
Alcohol Addiction and the causes✔✔- physical/psychological dependence with loss
of control, continuous craving and compulsive use
CAUSES:
- biological/genetic
- psychological factors
- sociocultural influences
Underweight✔✔body weight morethat 10% below healthy recommended levels
- BMI below 18.5
Hyperplasia✔✔- extra fat cells in kids -> obesity
- due to mother's dietary habits, even prior to birth
Vitamins✔✔- helps put protein, fat and carbohydrates to use
- essential to regulating growth, maintaining tissue and releasing energy from food
- involved in the manufacture of blood cells, hormones and other compounds
TYPES:
Fat soluble: Vitamins A, D, E and K
Water soluble: B Vitamins (8 total) and Vitamin C
Dietary protein✔✔supplies all the essential amino acids is called complete (high
quality) protein
Glycemic Index✔✔- compares foods with the same amount of carbohydrates and
determines how much each raises blood glucose levels
(LOW GI)-> more slowly digested, absorbed and metabolized and cause decrease
and slower rise in blood glucose therefore insulin levels
Proteins✔✔- body builders in repairing bone, muscle, skin and red blood cells
- body breaks them down into amino acids
Embryonic Stem Cells✔✔pluripotent; can form almost any type of cell in the human
body except those in the placenta; can make cells for any system
Stem Cells✔✔unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop
TWO MAIN CHARACTERISTICS:
1. self-renewal ability
2. ability to differentiate into all kinds of cells in the body
Types of Stem Cells✔✔1. embryonic (pluripotent)
2. adult stem cells
3. induced pluripotent (iPSCs)
Abnormal Blood Fats✔✔high levels of triglycerides & LDL(bad) cholesterol & low
levels of HDL(good) cholesterol; risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD)
What is a pathogen and what are the 6 types?✔✔a disease causing agent
1. bacteria
2. virus
3. protozoans
parasitic worm
4. fungi
5. prions
What is the process of infection?✔✔1. host must be susceptible
2. immune system is compromised
3. transmitting agent is present
4. environment must be hospitable to the pathogen
Immunity✔✔condition of being able to resist a disease by counteracting the
substance that produces the disease
Antigen✔✔any substance capable of triggering an immune response
Antibodies✔✔produced by the body and are matched to specific antigens
How does your body respond to pathogens?✔✔skin= physical barrier
enzymes= complex protein in sweat that create inhospitable environment to
pathogens
mucous membranes= trap organisms
cilia= hair-like protozoans that sweep trapped organisms toward body openings so
they can be expelled
Unsaturated fats✔✔-come from plants and include most vegetable oils
-liquid at room temperature
-double bond
, Long term effects of alcohol✔✔- effects on the nervous system
- cardiovascular effects
- liver disease; cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis
- cancer
- chronic inflammation of the pancreas ability to recognize and fight bacteria and
viruses
What is the digestive process?✔✔1. mouth; increase production of saliva
2. esophagus; connects mouth and stomach
3. stomach; food mixed by muscular contractions and broken down with enzymes
and acids
4. small intestine; enzymes and bile from liver
5. large intestine; water and salts reabsorbed
6. rectum/anus; solid waste released
Obesogenic✔✔- environments that promote increase food intake, unhealthy foods
and physical inactivity
- refers to conditions that lead people to become obese
Alcohol Addiction and the causes✔✔- physical/psychological dependence with loss
of control, continuous craving and compulsive use
CAUSES:
- biological/genetic
- psychological factors
- sociocultural influences
Underweight✔✔body weight morethat 10% below healthy recommended levels
- BMI below 18.5
Hyperplasia✔✔- extra fat cells in kids -> obesity
- due to mother's dietary habits, even prior to birth
Vitamins✔✔- helps put protein, fat and carbohydrates to use
- essential to regulating growth, maintaining tissue and releasing energy from food
- involved in the manufacture of blood cells, hormones and other compounds
TYPES:
Fat soluble: Vitamins A, D, E and K
Water soluble: B Vitamins (8 total) and Vitamin C
Dietary protein✔✔supplies all the essential amino acids is called complete (high
quality) protein
Glycemic Index✔✔- compares foods with the same amount of carbohydrates and
determines how much each raises blood glucose levels
(LOW GI)-> more slowly digested, absorbed and metabolized and cause decrease
and slower rise in blood glucose therefore insulin levels
Proteins✔✔- body builders in repairing bone, muscle, skin and red blood cells
- body breaks them down into amino acids
