Biol 240 Exam || A+ GRADED SOLUTIONS.
What did Rober Hooke contribute correct answers -First description of microbes (fungi/mold
fruiting bodies)
What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek do? correct answers Improved microscope lens
Basics for Life? correct answers -metabolism
-growth
-reproduction
How do heterotrophs obtain energy? correct answers Ingest organic molecules
How do autotrophs obtain energy? correct answers Produce organic molecules
What are 2 main ways organic molecules are broken down by microbes? correct answers -
fermentation
-aerobic respiration
What are the four macronutrients in microbes? correct answers -polypeptides (proteins)
-nucleic acid (DNA, RNA)
-lipids
-polysaccharides (sugar)
What is the most abundant macronutrient in microbes? correct answers Polypeptides
(Protein)
What is the least abundant macronutrient in microbes? correct answers DNA
What are the 3 major groups on phylogenetic tree? correct answers Archaea
Eukarya
Bacteria
What were some conditions of the earth during the origin of life? correct answers -Little
oxygen
-High temperature
-High CO2
-Earth surface was a chemical soup- reducing atmosphere and lots of electrons
Who conducted the experiment that simulated the origin of life? correct answers Stanley
Miller and Harold Urey
In general, how did Stanley Miller and Harold Urey simulate the origin of life in 1950?
correct answers -They simulated the earths primitive ocean and clouds
-They had a primitive atmosphere made from methane, hydrogen ammonia and water vapor
-They sparked the atmosphere with electricity simulating lightning
What were the 3 requirements of early life talking about? correct answers -Ability to store
genetic information
-Able to catalyze biochemical reactions
,-Has a way to separate cell interior from external environment
What are micelles? correct answers Early forms of plasma
Who discovered Archaea was not bacteria and a third domain of life by RNA analysis?
correct answers Carl Woese
Is RNA or DNA more stable? correct answers Double stranded DNA is more stable than
RNA
Name some features of early life (early microbes) given in the lecture correct answers -
membrane bound
-use ATP as chemical energy
-Anaerobe
-Fixes N2
-H2 dependent
How did the earths oxygen levels increase? correct answers Cyanobacteria produce oxygen as
a by-product, eventually raising the earth's oxygen levels
What is the name of the organisms that are fossilized and in the microbial fossil records
correct answers Stromatolites
What is modern RNA correct answers DNA transcribed into RNA (mRNA- messenger RNA)
-mRNA will be translated into proteins
Origin of eukaryotes- explain endosymbiotic theory correct answers Primitive prokaryotic
microbes ingested others, creating a symbiotic relationship
-eg. mitochondria and chloroplasts
Who developed the vaccines for anthrax, fowl and rabies, introduced sanitization in hospitals
and explained alcoholic fermentation? correct answers Louis Pasteur
Who developed pasteurization and what is it? correct answers - Louis Pasteur
- a process where certain foods/drinks are heat treated to kill pathogenic microbes
(but, DOES NOT MEAN STERILE)
Who disproved spontaneous generation and how? correct answers Louis Pasteur used
swannecked flasks that had sterilized broth. Microbes from outside are trapped in the neck of
the flask and do not go into sterile broth. When he tilted the flask (broth went up the neck), it
was no longer sterile.
Who determined Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax and Mycobacterium causes tuberculosis?
correct answers Rober Koch
What are Koch's postulates for? correct answers establishing if a pathogen is the cause of an
infectious disease
What are Koch's postulates? (4) correct answers -microbe is identified in every person with
disease, but not in those without disease
,-pure culture of microbe is obtained
-inoculation of microbe in healthy test host causes same illness
-microbe is recovered from infected host organism
What set of rules was used when determining that Helicobacter pylori was the pathogenic
bacteria that causes stomach ulcers? correct answers Koch's postulates
How was the bubonic plague in the 1300's spread? correct answers The disease started in rats.
Fleas then bit the rats and picked the disease up. So the rats infect fleas and fleas infect the
rats. Then when the fleas would bite humans, it spread. The infection would be spread by
human-human through contact or air.
Name some diseases that have greatly impacted human populations correct answers -bubonic
plague
-spanish flu (pandemic)
-smallpox
-measles
-tuberculosis
etc, etc, etc
Why have we seen a dramatic drop in deaths due to infectious diseases in the twentieth
century? correct answers -Sanitization
-Vaccines
-Medical treatment (antibiotics)
-Public precautions (masks, distancing)
What are the shapes of bacteria? correct answers -spherical (cocci, coccus)
-rod-shaped (bacilli, bacillus)
-comma- shaped (vibrio, vibrios)
-spiral (spirilla, spirillum)
-pleiomorphic (varied shape)
What shape are bacteria that are lacking genes correct answers spherical (they cannot
elongate)
What are the main forces that influence bacterial morphology (shapes) correct answers -
Nutrient uptake efficiency
-Swimming (spiral shape)
-Gliding motility
What are the three ways bacteria can form multicellular organizations? correct answers -
Hyphae
-Mycelia
-Trichomes
Name 2 examples of bacteria given in the lecture that are much larger than normal average
bacteria correct answers -Thiomargarita namibiensis
, -Epulopiscium fishelsoni
What are advantages of being a small bacteria? correct answers -greater ratio nutrient/waste
exchange per unit
-higher metabolic rates
-faster growth, faster evolution
Where are "very small" bacteria commonly found? correct answers Marine environments
What is the largest area in bacterial cytoplasm? correct answers Nucleoid region
What is the function of gas ventricles in bacterial cytoplasm correct answers Buoyancy
What houses DNA, RNA and protein in bacterial cytoplasm? correct answers DNA nucleoid
What is the function of inclusion bodies in bacteria? correct answers Storage of carbon,
phosphate, nitrogen and sulfur
What is the function of magnetosomes in bacterial cytoplasm? correct answers Orienting cell
during movement
What are the three function of cytoskeletal structures in bacterial cytoplasm? correct answers
-Guiding cell wall synthesis
-Cell division
-Possibly partitioning of chromosomes during replication
What are mechanisms bacteria use to reduce space when compressing DNA in their
nucleoid? correct answers -use cations to shield negative charges on sugar-phos. backbone
-have small positively charged proteins that bind to chromosome to maintain condensed
structure
-topoisomerases modify structure of DNA, enabling supercoiling
T or F
The nucleoid in bacteria has a membrane surrounding it correct answers F- it does not have a
membrane
T or F
Bacteria use histone proteins to condense DNA like eukaryotes correct answers F- they do
not
what are sulfur globules (inclusion bodies) used for in bacteria? correct answers -sulfur
storage for energy
what are polyhydroxybutyrate granules (inclusion bodies) used for in bacteria? correct
answers carbon storage
What did Rober Hooke contribute correct answers -First description of microbes (fungi/mold
fruiting bodies)
What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek do? correct answers Improved microscope lens
Basics for Life? correct answers -metabolism
-growth
-reproduction
How do heterotrophs obtain energy? correct answers Ingest organic molecules
How do autotrophs obtain energy? correct answers Produce organic molecules
What are 2 main ways organic molecules are broken down by microbes? correct answers -
fermentation
-aerobic respiration
What are the four macronutrients in microbes? correct answers -polypeptides (proteins)
-nucleic acid (DNA, RNA)
-lipids
-polysaccharides (sugar)
What is the most abundant macronutrient in microbes? correct answers Polypeptides
(Protein)
What is the least abundant macronutrient in microbes? correct answers DNA
What are the 3 major groups on phylogenetic tree? correct answers Archaea
Eukarya
Bacteria
What were some conditions of the earth during the origin of life? correct answers -Little
oxygen
-High temperature
-High CO2
-Earth surface was a chemical soup- reducing atmosphere and lots of electrons
Who conducted the experiment that simulated the origin of life? correct answers Stanley
Miller and Harold Urey
In general, how did Stanley Miller and Harold Urey simulate the origin of life in 1950?
correct answers -They simulated the earths primitive ocean and clouds
-They had a primitive atmosphere made from methane, hydrogen ammonia and water vapor
-They sparked the atmosphere with electricity simulating lightning
What were the 3 requirements of early life talking about? correct answers -Ability to store
genetic information
-Able to catalyze biochemical reactions
,-Has a way to separate cell interior from external environment
What are micelles? correct answers Early forms of plasma
Who discovered Archaea was not bacteria and a third domain of life by RNA analysis?
correct answers Carl Woese
Is RNA or DNA more stable? correct answers Double stranded DNA is more stable than
RNA
Name some features of early life (early microbes) given in the lecture correct answers -
membrane bound
-use ATP as chemical energy
-Anaerobe
-Fixes N2
-H2 dependent
How did the earths oxygen levels increase? correct answers Cyanobacteria produce oxygen as
a by-product, eventually raising the earth's oxygen levels
What is the name of the organisms that are fossilized and in the microbial fossil records
correct answers Stromatolites
What is modern RNA correct answers DNA transcribed into RNA (mRNA- messenger RNA)
-mRNA will be translated into proteins
Origin of eukaryotes- explain endosymbiotic theory correct answers Primitive prokaryotic
microbes ingested others, creating a symbiotic relationship
-eg. mitochondria and chloroplasts
Who developed the vaccines for anthrax, fowl and rabies, introduced sanitization in hospitals
and explained alcoholic fermentation? correct answers Louis Pasteur
Who developed pasteurization and what is it? correct answers - Louis Pasteur
- a process where certain foods/drinks are heat treated to kill pathogenic microbes
(but, DOES NOT MEAN STERILE)
Who disproved spontaneous generation and how? correct answers Louis Pasteur used
swannecked flasks that had sterilized broth. Microbes from outside are trapped in the neck of
the flask and do not go into sterile broth. When he tilted the flask (broth went up the neck), it
was no longer sterile.
Who determined Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax and Mycobacterium causes tuberculosis?
correct answers Rober Koch
What are Koch's postulates for? correct answers establishing if a pathogen is the cause of an
infectious disease
What are Koch's postulates? (4) correct answers -microbe is identified in every person with
disease, but not in those without disease
,-pure culture of microbe is obtained
-inoculation of microbe in healthy test host causes same illness
-microbe is recovered from infected host organism
What set of rules was used when determining that Helicobacter pylori was the pathogenic
bacteria that causes stomach ulcers? correct answers Koch's postulates
How was the bubonic plague in the 1300's spread? correct answers The disease started in rats.
Fleas then bit the rats and picked the disease up. So the rats infect fleas and fleas infect the
rats. Then when the fleas would bite humans, it spread. The infection would be spread by
human-human through contact or air.
Name some diseases that have greatly impacted human populations correct answers -bubonic
plague
-spanish flu (pandemic)
-smallpox
-measles
-tuberculosis
etc, etc, etc
Why have we seen a dramatic drop in deaths due to infectious diseases in the twentieth
century? correct answers -Sanitization
-Vaccines
-Medical treatment (antibiotics)
-Public precautions (masks, distancing)
What are the shapes of bacteria? correct answers -spherical (cocci, coccus)
-rod-shaped (bacilli, bacillus)
-comma- shaped (vibrio, vibrios)
-spiral (spirilla, spirillum)
-pleiomorphic (varied shape)
What shape are bacteria that are lacking genes correct answers spherical (they cannot
elongate)
What are the main forces that influence bacterial morphology (shapes) correct answers -
Nutrient uptake efficiency
-Swimming (spiral shape)
-Gliding motility
What are the three ways bacteria can form multicellular organizations? correct answers -
Hyphae
-Mycelia
-Trichomes
Name 2 examples of bacteria given in the lecture that are much larger than normal average
bacteria correct answers -Thiomargarita namibiensis
, -Epulopiscium fishelsoni
What are advantages of being a small bacteria? correct answers -greater ratio nutrient/waste
exchange per unit
-higher metabolic rates
-faster growth, faster evolution
Where are "very small" bacteria commonly found? correct answers Marine environments
What is the largest area in bacterial cytoplasm? correct answers Nucleoid region
What is the function of gas ventricles in bacterial cytoplasm correct answers Buoyancy
What houses DNA, RNA and protein in bacterial cytoplasm? correct answers DNA nucleoid
What is the function of inclusion bodies in bacteria? correct answers Storage of carbon,
phosphate, nitrogen and sulfur
What is the function of magnetosomes in bacterial cytoplasm? correct answers Orienting cell
during movement
What are the three function of cytoskeletal structures in bacterial cytoplasm? correct answers
-Guiding cell wall synthesis
-Cell division
-Possibly partitioning of chromosomes during replication
What are mechanisms bacteria use to reduce space when compressing DNA in their
nucleoid? correct answers -use cations to shield negative charges on sugar-phos. backbone
-have small positively charged proteins that bind to chromosome to maintain condensed
structure
-topoisomerases modify structure of DNA, enabling supercoiling
T or F
The nucleoid in bacteria has a membrane surrounding it correct answers F- it does not have a
membrane
T or F
Bacteria use histone proteins to condense DNA like eukaryotes correct answers F- they do
not
what are sulfur globules (inclusion bodies) used for in bacteria? correct answers -sulfur
storage for energy
what are polyhydroxybutyrate granules (inclusion bodies) used for in bacteria? correct
answers carbon storage
