GCD EXAM 3 QUESTONS
WITH 100% PASS
SOLUTONS
A gene exists in two alleles designated D and d. if 48 copies of these gene are D allele,
and 152 are the d allele, what is the allele frequency of D? - Answer-a
The allele frequency of C is 0.4 and c is 0.6. If the population is in Hardy Weinberg
equilibrium, what is the frequency of heterozygotes.
a. 0.16
b. 0.24
c. 0.26
d. 0.48 - Answer-d
In a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the percentage of individuals exhibiting a
recessive disorder is 1%. What is the frequency of heterozygotes?
a. 0.99
b. 0.32
c. 0.09
d. 0.18 - Answer-d
what are the 5 assumptions needed to use Hardy Weinberg equation - Answer-1. No
new mutations
2. No genetic drift. The population is so large allele frequencies do not change due to
random sampling effects
3. No migration
4. No natural selection
5. Random mating
wot are the 5 factors that govern microevolution? - Answer-mutation, natural selection,
genetic drift (change in genetic variatino from gen to gen due to random sampling error),
migration (between two diff populations), nonrandom mating (individuals select mates
based on phenotypes or genetic lineage does not change allele frequencies but may
alter relative proportion of homo and hetero)
, Directional selection - Answer-Favors the survival of one extreme phenotype that is
better adapted to an environmental condition
Balancing selection - Answer-Favors the maintenance of two or more alleles
Disruptive (or diversifying) selection - Answer-Favors the survival of two (or more)
different phenotypes
Stabilizing selection - Answer-Favors the survival of individuals with intermediate
phenotypes
wot is equation for directional selection - Answer-p^2*wAA/w(mean fitness of pop) +
2pqwAa /w(mean fitness of pop)+ q^2*waa/w=1
wot is equation for balanced polymorphism/heterozygote advantage - Answer-s=1-w
where s=selection coefficient
allele frequency of A=Saa/(SAA + Saa)
wot is genetic drift - Answer-random changes in allele frequencies due to random
fluctuations
wot is bottleneck effect - Answer-In nature, a population can be reduced dramatically in
size by a natural disaster for example
Such a disaster randomly eliminates individuals regardless of their genotype
The period of the bottleneck, when the population size is very small, may be influenced
by genetic drift
wot is founder effect - Answer-A small group of individuals separates from a larger
population and establishes a colony in a new location
This has two important consequences
1. The founding population is expected to have less genetic variation than the original
population
2. The founding population will have allelic frequencies that may differ markedly from
those of the original population, as a matter of chance
define assortive mating - Answer-Assortative mating occurs when individuals do not
mate randomly
define inbreeding - Answer-Inbreeding is the mating between genetically-related
individuals
how to calculate inbreeding coefficient from pedigree data - Answer-F = Σ (1/2)n(1 +
FA)
F is the inbreeding coefficient of the individual of interest
n is the number of individuals in the inbreeding path
WITH 100% PASS
SOLUTONS
A gene exists in two alleles designated D and d. if 48 copies of these gene are D allele,
and 152 are the d allele, what is the allele frequency of D? - Answer-a
The allele frequency of C is 0.4 and c is 0.6. If the population is in Hardy Weinberg
equilibrium, what is the frequency of heterozygotes.
a. 0.16
b. 0.24
c. 0.26
d. 0.48 - Answer-d
In a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the percentage of individuals exhibiting a
recessive disorder is 1%. What is the frequency of heterozygotes?
a. 0.99
b. 0.32
c. 0.09
d. 0.18 - Answer-d
what are the 5 assumptions needed to use Hardy Weinberg equation - Answer-1. No
new mutations
2. No genetic drift. The population is so large allele frequencies do not change due to
random sampling effects
3. No migration
4. No natural selection
5. Random mating
wot are the 5 factors that govern microevolution? - Answer-mutation, natural selection,
genetic drift (change in genetic variatino from gen to gen due to random sampling error),
migration (between two diff populations), nonrandom mating (individuals select mates
based on phenotypes or genetic lineage does not change allele frequencies but may
alter relative proportion of homo and hetero)
, Directional selection - Answer-Favors the survival of one extreme phenotype that is
better adapted to an environmental condition
Balancing selection - Answer-Favors the maintenance of two or more alleles
Disruptive (or diversifying) selection - Answer-Favors the survival of two (or more)
different phenotypes
Stabilizing selection - Answer-Favors the survival of individuals with intermediate
phenotypes
wot is equation for directional selection - Answer-p^2*wAA/w(mean fitness of pop) +
2pqwAa /w(mean fitness of pop)+ q^2*waa/w=1
wot is equation for balanced polymorphism/heterozygote advantage - Answer-s=1-w
where s=selection coefficient
allele frequency of A=Saa/(SAA + Saa)
wot is genetic drift - Answer-random changes in allele frequencies due to random
fluctuations
wot is bottleneck effect - Answer-In nature, a population can be reduced dramatically in
size by a natural disaster for example
Such a disaster randomly eliminates individuals regardless of their genotype
The period of the bottleneck, when the population size is very small, may be influenced
by genetic drift
wot is founder effect - Answer-A small group of individuals separates from a larger
population and establishes a colony in a new location
This has two important consequences
1. The founding population is expected to have less genetic variation than the original
population
2. The founding population will have allelic frequencies that may differ markedly from
those of the original population, as a matter of chance
define assortive mating - Answer-Assortative mating occurs when individuals do not
mate randomly
define inbreeding - Answer-Inbreeding is the mating between genetically-related
individuals
how to calculate inbreeding coefficient from pedigree data - Answer-F = Σ (1/2)n(1 +
FA)
F is the inbreeding coefficient of the individual of interest
n is the number of individuals in the inbreeding path
