NSG124 exam 2 (units 5-8)
antibacterial - ANS kills bacteria or prevents its growth
Ex: Ciprofloxacin
antifungal - ANS kills or inhibits growth of fungi
Ex: Amphotericin B
antiviral - ANS kills viruses or prevents its growth
Ex: Acyclovir
antiprotozoal - ANS kills or inhibits parasitic infections
Ex: Metronidazole
4 types of antimicrobials - ANS - antibacterial
- antiviral
- antifungal
- antiprotozoal
antimicrobials (antibiotics) key takeaways - ANS - always obtain cultures before administering
antibiotic
- patients may receive combination therapy until organism is identified
- ensure patients always complete the full course of antibiotics
Culture collection order (timeline) - ANS - obtain blood culture first
- obtain urine culture second
- administer antibiotics
narrow spectrum antibiotics - ANS - effective against a few specific bacteria
- covers either gram-positive OR gram-negative
broad spectrum antibiotics - ANS - effective against a wide variety of bacteria
- covers both gram-positive AND gram-negative
patient education for antimicrobials - ANS - difference between viral and bacterial infections
- medication considerations: refrigeration, light sensitivity
- combination therapy used until causative agent is identified
- how and when to take medication
Penicillins - mechanism of action - ANS - weakens cell wall, causes water uptake and cell
rupture
- bactericidal (kills cells)
, Ampicillin - ANS Penicillin preferred drug for gram-negative bacteria
patient education for Penicillins - ANS - take with full glass of water
- take 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals
- most common reaction is an allergic reaction (hives, shortness of breath, wheezing)
cephalosporins - mechanism of action - ANS - binds to penicillin-binding proteins, disrupts cell
wall synthesis causing cell lysis (breakdown of the outer layer)
- bactericidal (kills cells)
1st generation cephalosporins - therapeutic use - ANS - used for simple respiratory, ear, skin,
urinary tract infections
- not as effective for gram-negative bacteria
- do not give to patients with Penicillin allergy
1st generation cephalosporin medications - ANS - cefazolin
- cephalexin (Keflex)
- cefadroxil
2nd generation cephalosporins - therapeutic use - ANS - more effective for gram-negative
bacteria
- not effective against meningitis due to poor CSF concentration
- do not give to patients with Penicillin allergy
2nd generation cephalosporin medications - ANS - cefaclor (Ceclor)
- cefotetan
- cefoxitin
- cefprozil
- cefuroxime
3rd generation cephalosporin medications - ANS - cefdinir
- cefditoren
- cefixime
- cefotaxime
- cefpodoxime
- ceftazidime
- ceftibuten
- ceftriaxone
3rd generation cephalosporin - therapeutic use - ANS - preferred therapy due to effectiveness
against many bacteria
- effective against gram-negative bacteria
- good CSF penetration
antibacterial - ANS kills bacteria or prevents its growth
Ex: Ciprofloxacin
antifungal - ANS kills or inhibits growth of fungi
Ex: Amphotericin B
antiviral - ANS kills viruses or prevents its growth
Ex: Acyclovir
antiprotozoal - ANS kills or inhibits parasitic infections
Ex: Metronidazole
4 types of antimicrobials - ANS - antibacterial
- antiviral
- antifungal
- antiprotozoal
antimicrobials (antibiotics) key takeaways - ANS - always obtain cultures before administering
antibiotic
- patients may receive combination therapy until organism is identified
- ensure patients always complete the full course of antibiotics
Culture collection order (timeline) - ANS - obtain blood culture first
- obtain urine culture second
- administer antibiotics
narrow spectrum antibiotics - ANS - effective against a few specific bacteria
- covers either gram-positive OR gram-negative
broad spectrum antibiotics - ANS - effective against a wide variety of bacteria
- covers both gram-positive AND gram-negative
patient education for antimicrobials - ANS - difference between viral and bacterial infections
- medication considerations: refrigeration, light sensitivity
- combination therapy used until causative agent is identified
- how and when to take medication
Penicillins - mechanism of action - ANS - weakens cell wall, causes water uptake and cell
rupture
- bactericidal (kills cells)
, Ampicillin - ANS Penicillin preferred drug for gram-negative bacteria
patient education for Penicillins - ANS - take with full glass of water
- take 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals
- most common reaction is an allergic reaction (hives, shortness of breath, wheezing)
cephalosporins - mechanism of action - ANS - binds to penicillin-binding proteins, disrupts cell
wall synthesis causing cell lysis (breakdown of the outer layer)
- bactericidal (kills cells)
1st generation cephalosporins - therapeutic use - ANS - used for simple respiratory, ear, skin,
urinary tract infections
- not as effective for gram-negative bacteria
- do not give to patients with Penicillin allergy
1st generation cephalosporin medications - ANS - cefazolin
- cephalexin (Keflex)
- cefadroxil
2nd generation cephalosporins - therapeutic use - ANS - more effective for gram-negative
bacteria
- not effective against meningitis due to poor CSF concentration
- do not give to patients with Penicillin allergy
2nd generation cephalosporin medications - ANS - cefaclor (Ceclor)
- cefotetan
- cefoxitin
- cefprozil
- cefuroxime
3rd generation cephalosporin medications - ANS - cefdinir
- cefditoren
- cefixime
- cefotaxime
- cefpodoxime
- ceftazidime
- ceftibuten
- ceftriaxone
3rd generation cephalosporin - therapeutic use - ANS - preferred therapy due to effectiveness
against many bacteria
- effective against gram-negative bacteria
- good CSF penetration
