POPM 3240 Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
19th Century Epidemiology Correct Answer John Snow and
Broad St. Pump studied contaminated water and communicable
disease epidemiology
3 Characteristics Required for a Confounding Variable Correct
Answer be associated with the exposure
be associated with the outcome
not be a result / caused by the exposure
3 Sources of Variation that impact Reliability Correct Answer
intrasubject variation
intraobserver variation
interobserver variation
5 Main Criteria for Defining a Case Correct Answer - agent
(ex. bacteria)
- clinical criteria
- person
- place
- time
acquired immunity Correct Answer can acquire naturally
(active or passive) or artificially
active data collection Correct Answer data is actively searched
for and collected for the goal of surveillance (targeted
surveillance activities)
,alternative hypothesis Correct Answer the new, experimental
treatment is more effective than the best currently available
treatment at preventing clinical disease progression among a
certain age group with a certain disease
An example of a vector borne disease is. . . Correct Answer
malaria
Apparent prevalence (AP) Correct Answer the observed
proportion of disease or health outcome within a population
which is usually determined by the results of the new test being
evaluated
Apparent prevalence (AP) formula Correct Answer AP = (a+b)
/n
artifically passive immunity Correct Answer short term
immunization of Ab that are not produced by the recipient to
assist immune system
Artificially active immunity Correct Answer induced by
vaccine or substance that contains the antigen - stimulates the
primary response without causing symptoms of the disease
As prevalence increases, _______ decreases Correct Answer
NPV
As prevalence increases, so does. . . Correct Answer PPV
As Sn increases. . . Correct Answer number of false negatives
decreases
,As Sp increases. . . Correct Answer number of false positives
decreases
association Correct Answer any relationship between two
measured quantities that renders them statistically dependent
Attack rate formula Correct Answer = (# who get sick after
exposure) / (# who have that specific exposure)
bias Correct Answer an error in the study that results in a
mistaken estimate of an exposures effect
Case control studies Correct Answer a type of observational
study design that begins with the selection of study subjects on
the basis of their disease / outcome status
Case fatality rate formula Correct Answer (# who die from a
disease) / (# who are sick from the disease)
CDC case definition Correct Answer a standard set of criteria
for deciding whether an individual should be classified as
having the condition of interest
- may need to change overtime as the investigation unfolds
census Correct Answer systemically acquiring and recording
relevant information about every member of a given population
challenge trial Correct Answer a type of clinical trial where the
subjects are exposed to a given exposure of interest, such as a
virus
, Chance agreement Correct Answer situations where two
individuals make the same assessment due to random chance
alone rather than true agreement
- measured using kappa statistic
Clinical trials differ from field trials in that they. . . Correct
Answer allow for control over the challenge and environment
cluster sampling Correct Answer focuses on sampling at a
group or cluster level
- sampling unit is a group of subjects with characteristics in
common
- all individuals are tested/examined through other methods of
sampling
Cohort studies Correct Answer a type of observational study
design that begins with the selection of study subjects based on
their exposure (E) status
- grouped into exposed vs. non-exposed
community identified Correct Answer illness is reported by
individuals, physicians or others to public health authorities.
Forms of syndromic surveillance (ex. Telehealth calls,
emergency room visits, etc.) are improving the rate at which
outbreaks are being community identified
complete randomized design Correct Answer all individuals
are randomly assigned to the treatment or the control group
19th Century Epidemiology Correct Answer John Snow and
Broad St. Pump studied contaminated water and communicable
disease epidemiology
3 Characteristics Required for a Confounding Variable Correct
Answer be associated with the exposure
be associated with the outcome
not be a result / caused by the exposure
3 Sources of Variation that impact Reliability Correct Answer
intrasubject variation
intraobserver variation
interobserver variation
5 Main Criteria for Defining a Case Correct Answer - agent
(ex. bacteria)
- clinical criteria
- person
- place
- time
acquired immunity Correct Answer can acquire naturally
(active or passive) or artificially
active data collection Correct Answer data is actively searched
for and collected for the goal of surveillance (targeted
surveillance activities)
,alternative hypothesis Correct Answer the new, experimental
treatment is more effective than the best currently available
treatment at preventing clinical disease progression among a
certain age group with a certain disease
An example of a vector borne disease is. . . Correct Answer
malaria
Apparent prevalence (AP) Correct Answer the observed
proportion of disease or health outcome within a population
which is usually determined by the results of the new test being
evaluated
Apparent prevalence (AP) formula Correct Answer AP = (a+b)
/n
artifically passive immunity Correct Answer short term
immunization of Ab that are not produced by the recipient to
assist immune system
Artificially active immunity Correct Answer induced by
vaccine or substance that contains the antigen - stimulates the
primary response without causing symptoms of the disease
As prevalence increases, _______ decreases Correct Answer
NPV
As prevalence increases, so does. . . Correct Answer PPV
As Sn increases. . . Correct Answer number of false negatives
decreases
,As Sp increases. . . Correct Answer number of false positives
decreases
association Correct Answer any relationship between two
measured quantities that renders them statistically dependent
Attack rate formula Correct Answer = (# who get sick after
exposure) / (# who have that specific exposure)
bias Correct Answer an error in the study that results in a
mistaken estimate of an exposures effect
Case control studies Correct Answer a type of observational
study design that begins with the selection of study subjects on
the basis of their disease / outcome status
Case fatality rate formula Correct Answer (# who die from a
disease) / (# who are sick from the disease)
CDC case definition Correct Answer a standard set of criteria
for deciding whether an individual should be classified as
having the condition of interest
- may need to change overtime as the investigation unfolds
census Correct Answer systemically acquiring and recording
relevant information about every member of a given population
challenge trial Correct Answer a type of clinical trial where the
subjects are exposed to a given exposure of interest, such as a
virus
, Chance agreement Correct Answer situations where two
individuals make the same assessment due to random chance
alone rather than true agreement
- measured using kappa statistic
Clinical trials differ from field trials in that they. . . Correct
Answer allow for control over the challenge and environment
cluster sampling Correct Answer focuses on sampling at a
group or cluster level
- sampling unit is a group of subjects with characteristics in
common
- all individuals are tested/examined through other methods of
sampling
Cohort studies Correct Answer a type of observational study
design that begins with the selection of study subjects based on
their exposure (E) status
- grouped into exposed vs. non-exposed
community identified Correct Answer illness is reported by
individuals, physicians or others to public health authorities.
Forms of syndromic surveillance (ex. Telehealth calls,
emergency room visits, etc.) are improving the rate at which
outbreaks are being community identified
complete randomized design Correct Answer all individuals
are randomly assigned to the treatment or the control group
