PCOL 440 Final Exam Questions And Verified
Detailed Answers
First Successful Vaccination Year - ANSWER 1800
Publication Bias - ANSWER Failure to publish study results due to lack of effect or
unanticipated effect
Data Dredging Bias - ANSWER Distortions that arise from presenting results of
unplanned statistical tests as if they were a planned part of the analyses.
Selection Bias - ANSWER A type of error that occurs when the population being studied
(cells, tissues, individuals) differs from the total population in some systematic manner.
Observer Bias - ANSWER The process of observing and recording information that
contains systematic errors from the truth.
Disinformation - ANSWER An extremely organized effort to trick people into accepting
an idea using information that is intentionally false, which is then surreptitiously fed into
the communications system in order to mislead and manipulate.
Misinformation - ANSWER Information that is not true but which is not intentionally
produced to mislead.
Y-axis on Bar Graphs - ANSWER Must stretch to zero
Flexible X-axis Scaling - ANSWER X-axis scaling can be different in proportion over its
length
, Independent Variable - ANSWER Condition manipulated or changed in an experiment
Dependent Variable - ANSWER An observed or measured change during an experiment,
experimental data
Control in an Experiment - ANSWER Conditions that are not changed in an experiment
In a line graph the y-axis has to extend to zero - ANSWER False
Experimental research is - ANSWER An iterative process
Imatinib (aka STI571, Gleevec, Glivec) is an example of a clinically effective agent borne
of the scientific method and clinical trials. - ANSWER True
Everything communicated through the scientific literature is correct - ANSWER False
Varying the scaling of the x-axis on a line graph is OK in order to prove a point. -
ANSWER False
With respect to the graph select all TRUE statements - ANSWER The graph does not use
proportional amounts of ink to display the data
Overemphasizes the change seen in the dependent variable (y-axis) in relation to the
independent variable (X-axis)
With respect to a bar graph, what are aspects that make it effective? - ANSWER Y-axis
on the bar graph extends to zero
Follows the rule of proportional ink
Data is from an untreated control
Detailed Answers
First Successful Vaccination Year - ANSWER 1800
Publication Bias - ANSWER Failure to publish study results due to lack of effect or
unanticipated effect
Data Dredging Bias - ANSWER Distortions that arise from presenting results of
unplanned statistical tests as if they were a planned part of the analyses.
Selection Bias - ANSWER A type of error that occurs when the population being studied
(cells, tissues, individuals) differs from the total population in some systematic manner.
Observer Bias - ANSWER The process of observing and recording information that
contains systematic errors from the truth.
Disinformation - ANSWER An extremely organized effort to trick people into accepting
an idea using information that is intentionally false, which is then surreptitiously fed into
the communications system in order to mislead and manipulate.
Misinformation - ANSWER Information that is not true but which is not intentionally
produced to mislead.
Y-axis on Bar Graphs - ANSWER Must stretch to zero
Flexible X-axis Scaling - ANSWER X-axis scaling can be different in proportion over its
length
, Independent Variable - ANSWER Condition manipulated or changed in an experiment
Dependent Variable - ANSWER An observed or measured change during an experiment,
experimental data
Control in an Experiment - ANSWER Conditions that are not changed in an experiment
In a line graph the y-axis has to extend to zero - ANSWER False
Experimental research is - ANSWER An iterative process
Imatinib (aka STI571, Gleevec, Glivec) is an example of a clinically effective agent borne
of the scientific method and clinical trials. - ANSWER True
Everything communicated through the scientific literature is correct - ANSWER False
Varying the scaling of the x-axis on a line graph is OK in order to prove a point. -
ANSWER False
With respect to the graph select all TRUE statements - ANSWER The graph does not use
proportional amounts of ink to display the data
Overemphasizes the change seen in the dependent variable (y-axis) in relation to the
independent variable (X-axis)
With respect to a bar graph, what are aspects that make it effective? - ANSWER Y-axis
on the bar graph extends to zero
Follows the rule of proportional ink
Data is from an untreated control
