HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 16TH EDITION
STUART FOX TEST BANK
Physiology - ANSWER-integration of anatomy, biology, chemistry and
physics
Equation 1 - ANSWER-ATP <-> ADP + Pi + energy
Equation 2 - ANSWER-Glucose + O2 + ADP + Pi <-> ATP + CO2 + H2O +
heat
Equation 3 - ANSWER-CO2 + H2O <-> HCO3- + H+
creates a PH issue
Equation 4 - ANSWER-PV = nRT
pressure, volume, n = amount of substance, R = gas constant and T =
temperature
Homeostasis - ANSWER-Relatively stable maintenance of a body
parameter -> dynamic constancy
Homeostatic control system - ANSWER-purpose is to keep parameter at
set point
Set point - ANSWER-appropriate range... body temp is ~98.6 F
Steady state - ANSWER-Parameter at set point. System NOT changing
but energy is used therefore not equilibrium
Negative feedback - ANSWER-opposite of disturbance direction... return
toward SS
positive feedback - ANSWER-continue in disturbance direction... move
further from SS
Feedforward - ANSWER-limits the degree of feedback required therefore
SAVES ENERGY
,Biorhythms - ANSWER-use FF and are triggered by internal clocks NOT
the environment
Adaptation - ANSWER-genetic change, set up for survival
acclimatization - ANSWER-not changing genetics but changing set point,
clock reset based on environment
developmental acclimatization - ANSWER-non-reversible acclimatization
Reflex arc - ANSWER-stimulus -> receptor -> afferent pathway ->
integrating center -> efferent pathway -> effector -> response
autocrine - ANSWER-travels thru IF, cell sends message to itself, effector
= releaser
cytokine - ANSWER-travels thru IF/plasma/lymph and is messenger of
the immune system
Gap junctions - ANSWER-direct channels between adjacent cells, links
cytosols, small so limits exchange, not a barrier of IF
juxtacrines - ANSWER-bound to cell membrane (are NOT released) ex.
shaking someone's hand sends msg while staying connected
Endocrine - ANSWER-released by gland or neuron, travel thru plasma,
and communicates with distant effectors
paracrine - ANSWER-released by most cells, travel thru IF, and
communicates with neighbor effectors so can't travel far
neurotransmitter - ANSWER-released by neurons, travel thru IF, and
communicates with next neighbor neuron or effector
Cell - ANSWER-each has same DNA and divide by mitosis
differentiation - ANSWER-all cells start out unspecialized and then
becomes specialized
, Muscle cell/tissue - ANSWER-generate mechanical force
Nerve cell/tissue - ANSWER-works with electrical signals
Epithelial cell/tissue - ANSWER-interacts with environment
connective cell/tissue - ANSWER-connect, support and anchor
tissues - ANSWER-groupings of similar specialized cells
organs - ANSWER-combination of tissues
functional unit - ANSWER-smallest component but still works
redundancy - ANSWER-continue even if some is lost
expansion - ANSWER-add more functional units... adds more without
stopping
Organ systems - ANSWER-organs with a common function
Extracellular components - ANSWER-includes fluid and matrix
ECM - ANSWER-mix of proteins and minerals... provides structure,
regulate information transfer
collagen - ANSWER-fiberous proteins with rope-like traits and can move
around but only have a fixed distance apart but allows some movement
elastin - ANSWER-fiberous proteins with rubber band like traits, still
allows movement and can continue to move away but once that force is
stopped they spring back
non-fiberous proteins - ANSWER-carbohydrate-associated dominant
3 fluid filled compartments - ANSWER-intracellular fluid (cytosol),
Extracellular fluid (IF and plasma)
cytosol - ANSWER-fluid within cells and includes 67% of total water in
body
STUART FOX TEST BANK
Physiology - ANSWER-integration of anatomy, biology, chemistry and
physics
Equation 1 - ANSWER-ATP <-> ADP + Pi + energy
Equation 2 - ANSWER-Glucose + O2 + ADP + Pi <-> ATP + CO2 + H2O +
heat
Equation 3 - ANSWER-CO2 + H2O <-> HCO3- + H+
creates a PH issue
Equation 4 - ANSWER-PV = nRT
pressure, volume, n = amount of substance, R = gas constant and T =
temperature
Homeostasis - ANSWER-Relatively stable maintenance of a body
parameter -> dynamic constancy
Homeostatic control system - ANSWER-purpose is to keep parameter at
set point
Set point - ANSWER-appropriate range... body temp is ~98.6 F
Steady state - ANSWER-Parameter at set point. System NOT changing
but energy is used therefore not equilibrium
Negative feedback - ANSWER-opposite of disturbance direction... return
toward SS
positive feedback - ANSWER-continue in disturbance direction... move
further from SS
Feedforward - ANSWER-limits the degree of feedback required therefore
SAVES ENERGY
,Biorhythms - ANSWER-use FF and are triggered by internal clocks NOT
the environment
Adaptation - ANSWER-genetic change, set up for survival
acclimatization - ANSWER-not changing genetics but changing set point,
clock reset based on environment
developmental acclimatization - ANSWER-non-reversible acclimatization
Reflex arc - ANSWER-stimulus -> receptor -> afferent pathway ->
integrating center -> efferent pathway -> effector -> response
autocrine - ANSWER-travels thru IF, cell sends message to itself, effector
= releaser
cytokine - ANSWER-travels thru IF/plasma/lymph and is messenger of
the immune system
Gap junctions - ANSWER-direct channels between adjacent cells, links
cytosols, small so limits exchange, not a barrier of IF
juxtacrines - ANSWER-bound to cell membrane (are NOT released) ex.
shaking someone's hand sends msg while staying connected
Endocrine - ANSWER-released by gland or neuron, travel thru plasma,
and communicates with distant effectors
paracrine - ANSWER-released by most cells, travel thru IF, and
communicates with neighbor effectors so can't travel far
neurotransmitter - ANSWER-released by neurons, travel thru IF, and
communicates with next neighbor neuron or effector
Cell - ANSWER-each has same DNA and divide by mitosis
differentiation - ANSWER-all cells start out unspecialized and then
becomes specialized
, Muscle cell/tissue - ANSWER-generate mechanical force
Nerve cell/tissue - ANSWER-works with electrical signals
Epithelial cell/tissue - ANSWER-interacts with environment
connective cell/tissue - ANSWER-connect, support and anchor
tissues - ANSWER-groupings of similar specialized cells
organs - ANSWER-combination of tissues
functional unit - ANSWER-smallest component but still works
redundancy - ANSWER-continue even if some is lost
expansion - ANSWER-add more functional units... adds more without
stopping
Organ systems - ANSWER-organs with a common function
Extracellular components - ANSWER-includes fluid and matrix
ECM - ANSWER-mix of proteins and minerals... provides structure,
regulate information transfer
collagen - ANSWER-fiberous proteins with rope-like traits and can move
around but only have a fixed distance apart but allows some movement
elastin - ANSWER-fiberous proteins with rubber band like traits, still
allows movement and can continue to move away but once that force is
stopped they spring back
non-fiberous proteins - ANSWER-carbohydrate-associated dominant
3 fluid filled compartments - ANSWER-intracellular fluid (cytosol),
Extracellular fluid (IF and plasma)
cytosol - ANSWER-fluid within cells and includes 67% of total water in
body
