Chemistry Final Short Answer
Questions 100% Correct!!
What are the 7 diatomic molecules? - ANSWER H₂, O₂, N₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂, F₂
How many of electrons are shared in a single, double, and triple bond? Give an example of each -
ANSWER Single: 2 electrons, H₂
Double: 4 electrons, O₂
Triple: 6 electrons, N₂
Compare and contrast sigma and pi bonds. What overlaps and how to form each of the bonds?
Please be detailed and include the hybrid vs. non-hybrid orbitals. - ANSWER Sigma bonds are single
bonds, they are formed from a direct overlap of hybridized orbitals
Pi bonds are the positive double and triple bonds, they are formed by non-hybridized p orbitals, and
they are parallel to the sigma bonds (above and below, in front and behind)
What is the relationship between bond length and bond strength? - ANSWER Indirect (shorter the
bond length, stronger the bond strength)
What is an acid? - ANSWER An acid produces an H⁺ atom in an aqueous solution
What is a binary acid? Give two examples - ANSWER A binary acid has an H and 1 other element
ex: HF, HCl
What is an oxyacid? Give two examples - ANSWER An oxyacid is an acid that has an H⁺ and an
oxygen
ex: HNO₃, HClO
Describe the bonds in a resonance structure - ANSWER The bonds have the same length and
strength
What are the three exceptions to the octet rule. Briefly describe each. - ANSWER Incomplete octet:
odd number of valence electrons in central atom
, Suboctet: electron configuration has less than 8 valence electrons in the central atom
Expanded octet: more than 8 valence electrons in the central atom
What is a polar covalent bond and a non-polar covalent bond? What causes each of these? -
ANSWER A polar covalent bond has unevenly distributed electrons and caused by a difference in
electronegativity.
A non-polar covalent bond has evenly distributed electrons, caused by having the same
electronegativity
What two things must be considered to determine the polarity of a molecule - ANSWER 1. Existence
of polar bonds 2. Asymmetrical shape
Put in order of weakest to strongest; London dispersion forces, hydrogen-bonding, or dipole-dipole? -
ANSWER LDF, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding
Name two properties common to covalent substances and why. - ANSWER Low boiling point and low
melting point because although covalent substances are relatively strong, their inter-molecular
forces are weak
What two things does the VSEPR model help us determine? - ANSWER Shape and polarity
Are double and triple bonds included in the VSEPR model and hybridization? - ANSWER No, double
and triple bonds are included in unhybridized P orbitals, different from the VSEPR model and
hybridization
What is hybridization? - ANSWER Mixing atomic orbitals to form identical hybrid orbitals
Define resonance - ANSWER Resonance is a molecule's ability to have more than one valid Lewis
structure
Name four examples of evidence that a chemical reaction has occurred - ANSWER Color change,
temperature, precipitate, gas, bubbles
Describe or list the common characteristics that help you identify with this chemical reaction and
give an example:: Combustion - ANSWER A substance and oxygen combine and create a new
substance that releases energy A+O₂→AO
Questions 100% Correct!!
What are the 7 diatomic molecules? - ANSWER H₂, O₂, N₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂, F₂
How many of electrons are shared in a single, double, and triple bond? Give an example of each -
ANSWER Single: 2 electrons, H₂
Double: 4 electrons, O₂
Triple: 6 electrons, N₂
Compare and contrast sigma and pi bonds. What overlaps and how to form each of the bonds?
Please be detailed and include the hybrid vs. non-hybrid orbitals. - ANSWER Sigma bonds are single
bonds, they are formed from a direct overlap of hybridized orbitals
Pi bonds are the positive double and triple bonds, they are formed by non-hybridized p orbitals, and
they are parallel to the sigma bonds (above and below, in front and behind)
What is the relationship between bond length and bond strength? - ANSWER Indirect (shorter the
bond length, stronger the bond strength)
What is an acid? - ANSWER An acid produces an H⁺ atom in an aqueous solution
What is a binary acid? Give two examples - ANSWER A binary acid has an H and 1 other element
ex: HF, HCl
What is an oxyacid? Give two examples - ANSWER An oxyacid is an acid that has an H⁺ and an
oxygen
ex: HNO₃, HClO
Describe the bonds in a resonance structure - ANSWER The bonds have the same length and
strength
What are the three exceptions to the octet rule. Briefly describe each. - ANSWER Incomplete octet:
odd number of valence electrons in central atom
, Suboctet: electron configuration has less than 8 valence electrons in the central atom
Expanded octet: more than 8 valence electrons in the central atom
What is a polar covalent bond and a non-polar covalent bond? What causes each of these? -
ANSWER A polar covalent bond has unevenly distributed electrons and caused by a difference in
electronegativity.
A non-polar covalent bond has evenly distributed electrons, caused by having the same
electronegativity
What two things must be considered to determine the polarity of a molecule - ANSWER 1. Existence
of polar bonds 2. Asymmetrical shape
Put in order of weakest to strongest; London dispersion forces, hydrogen-bonding, or dipole-dipole? -
ANSWER LDF, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding
Name two properties common to covalent substances and why. - ANSWER Low boiling point and low
melting point because although covalent substances are relatively strong, their inter-molecular
forces are weak
What two things does the VSEPR model help us determine? - ANSWER Shape and polarity
Are double and triple bonds included in the VSEPR model and hybridization? - ANSWER No, double
and triple bonds are included in unhybridized P orbitals, different from the VSEPR model and
hybridization
What is hybridization? - ANSWER Mixing atomic orbitals to form identical hybrid orbitals
Define resonance - ANSWER Resonance is a molecule's ability to have more than one valid Lewis
structure
Name four examples of evidence that a chemical reaction has occurred - ANSWER Color change,
temperature, precipitate, gas, bubbles
Describe or list the common characteristics that help you identify with this chemical reaction and
give an example:: Combustion - ANSWER A substance and oxygen combine and create a new
substance that releases energy A+O₂→AO
