NURS 415 - Exam 1
Who stated, "Nursing is love in action, and there is no finer manifestation of it than the care of the
poor and disabled in their own homes"? - ANS Lillian Wald
Who was Lillian Wald? - ANS - Her and her best friend Mary Brewster opened up Henry Street
Settlement immediately upon graduation
- She's the founder of the term "public health nurse"
What are the notable events that occurred during the early civilizations (before 500 BCE)? - ANS -
Sewage systems/Medical Rx
- Code of Hammurabi
- Bible: Book of Leviticus
Regarding the early civilizations (before 500 BCE), what is the significance of sewage systems? - ANS
Take human waste from areas that we're eating and living to outside of those areas, which obviously
had great impact on the spread of disease
Regarding the early civilizations (before 500 BCE), what is the significance of medical Rx? - ANS We
can see medical prescriptions throughout history, even so early as in the great pyramids, there is
evidence of healers prescribing stuff (e.g., herbs)
Regarding the early civilizations (before 500 BCE), what is the significance of the Code of
Hammurabi? - ANS - Holds humans accountable
- If you hurt somebody in the attempt to make them better, you can be held accountable for that
Regarding the early civilizations (before 500 BCE), what is the significance of the Book of Leviticus in
the Bible? - ANS Mentions hygiene and cleanliness
What are the notable events that occurred during the classical times (500 BC to 500 CE)? - ANS -
Greeks appreciation for physical fitness; community sanitation
- Development of hospitals
,Regarding the classical times (500 BC to 500 CE), what is the significance of Greeks? - ANS - Greeks
were the ones who kind of made advancements in terms of public health and had a great
appreciation for physical fitness and the human body
- Greeks developed community sanitation efforts; they created drains for water and advanced
sewage systems
Regarding the classical times (500 BC to 500 CE), what is the significance of the development of
hospitals? - ANS - We see centralized areas for treating the sick and injured
- Christians did it often out of benevolence, because that's what their religion told them to do
- The Romans did so to care for their slaves, which was a huge part of their economy; so if their
slaves were unhealthy, their economy suffered
What are the notable events that occurred during the middle ages (500-1500 CE)? - ANS - Illness
caused and cured by spiritual means
- Many epidemics
Regarding the middle ages (500-1500 CE), what is the significance of the spiritual era? - ANS - During
the Middle Ages, we entered what's called the spiritual era, which is when everything was caused by
something spiritual (no clue about germs, infection, spreadability)
- Many times, illness was caused and cured by spiritual means according to the healers of the day
Regarding the middle ages (500-1500 CE), what is the significance of the many epidemics? - ANS -
Due to the spiritual era, there was a huge increase in the number of epidemics
- We saw the spread of syphilis, a lot of STIs, tuberculosis
What was the worst epidemic that occurred during the middle ages (500-1500 CE)? - ANS
Plague/Black Death (543-1338 CE)
Regarding the middle ages (500-1500 CE), what is the significance of the Plague/Black Death? - ANS
From 543-1338 CE, only one in ten people actually survived due to it
What are the notable events that occurred during the renaissance and exploration (1500-1700 CE)? -
ANS - Still a lot of epidemics
- Recognizing that environment impacts health/disease
- Observing illness
,- Spread of disease to colonists/indigenous people
Regarding the renaissance and exploration (1500-1700 CE), what is the significance of recognizing
that environment impacts health/disease? - ANS - There's still a lot of epidemics, but they're not
blaming it solely on a spiritual cause because they're seeing that groups of people with proximity are
all dying from the same symptoms
- Starting to become more aware of the possible cause, but they oftentimes believe that it's the air
causing the illness
- Miasma was bad air, malaria was thought to be caused by bad air, so they thought that it was the
air causing the disease
- Plague doctors would wear masks with a big beak and put things with sweet smelling aromas in
there, thinking that if they purified the air with sweet scents, they wouldn't get sick
Who was once a believer in Miasma (bad air)? - ANS - Florence Nightingale used to be a believer in
miasma, so she was wrong in that
- However, because of John Snow's research, she ended up changing her mind
- All of the medical experts of this time (renaissance and exploration) believed in the miasma theory
Regarding the renaissance and exploration (1500-1700 CE), what is the significance of observing
illness? - ANS - Starting to observe illness and see trends in illness, which is huge
- The beginning stages of epidemiology
Regarding the renaissance and exploration (1500-1700 CE), what is the significance of the spread of
disease to colonists/indigenous people? - ANS - We saw the great spread, as people started to
colonize the world, they're taking illnesses that they have built somewhat of an immunity to to
groups of people who have no immunity to it
- We saw entire populations at this time be wiped out from things like small pox
What are the notable events that occurred during the eighteenth century? - ANS - Industrial growth
- 1st US census
- Dr. Edward Jenner: smallpox vaccine 1796
Regarding the eighteenth century, what is the significance of industrial growth? - ANS - People are
coming from more rural areas, and they are colonizing and living in more industrialized areas
- This is significant to public health because when you group a whole lot of people together and if
they're not able to dispose of all the waste in housing, it results in tons of pollution (which has a
, poor impact on health), unsanitary water, sewage problems, if one person gets sick then everyone
gets sick
Regarding the eighteenth century, what is the significance of the first US census? - ANS - This is huge
because how can we treat and provide for the public if we don't know anything about the public?
- Collecting data for the first time on our population by taking note of births, deaths, how many
people are married, how many people are single, and how many people there are in general
Regarding the eighteenth century, what is the significance of Dr. Edward Jenner in 1796? - ANS - He
had a garden and the gardener had an 8 year old son
- He took this 8 year old and made him his trial for inoculation of small pox (the IRB would probably
not give permission for this today)
- What he noticed was that as a child and into his adulthood, the milkmaids who got cowpox did not
get smallpox (smallpox is a terrible disease that killed a lot of people), and if they did get smallpox, it
was a very mild form
- So, he took a little lancet, stripped some of a milkmaid's cowpox, and inoculated and put it into the
skin of the little boy who then developed cowpox, and then he took this kid and exposed him to
smallpox
- What he found was that the little boy did not get smallpox
- So, he started inoculating people, so technically it's a vaccine, technically it's inoculation (you can
get a little sticky based on immunology and stuff like that)
- This was the first time that they did something with the immune system to prevent disease
- He got a lot of pushback, but overall, it pretty much eradicated smallpox thanks to his efforts
What are the notable events that occurred during the nineteenth century? - ANS - Modern era of
healthcare (1850 with Shattuck's report)
- John Snow (1858): father of epidemiology
- Louis Pasteur (1862): germ theory/end of the spontaneous generation theory
- Robert Koch: particular microbes are the cause of disease
- Pasteurization/meat inspection
- Occupational and school nurses
Regarding the nineteenth century, what is the significance of Shattuck's report in 1850? - ANS - We
are in the modern era of healthcare here
- This is probably the number one document in a public health historian's memory
Who stated, "Nursing is love in action, and there is no finer manifestation of it than the care of the
poor and disabled in their own homes"? - ANS Lillian Wald
Who was Lillian Wald? - ANS - Her and her best friend Mary Brewster opened up Henry Street
Settlement immediately upon graduation
- She's the founder of the term "public health nurse"
What are the notable events that occurred during the early civilizations (before 500 BCE)? - ANS -
Sewage systems/Medical Rx
- Code of Hammurabi
- Bible: Book of Leviticus
Regarding the early civilizations (before 500 BCE), what is the significance of sewage systems? - ANS
Take human waste from areas that we're eating and living to outside of those areas, which obviously
had great impact on the spread of disease
Regarding the early civilizations (before 500 BCE), what is the significance of medical Rx? - ANS We
can see medical prescriptions throughout history, even so early as in the great pyramids, there is
evidence of healers prescribing stuff (e.g., herbs)
Regarding the early civilizations (before 500 BCE), what is the significance of the Code of
Hammurabi? - ANS - Holds humans accountable
- If you hurt somebody in the attempt to make them better, you can be held accountable for that
Regarding the early civilizations (before 500 BCE), what is the significance of the Book of Leviticus in
the Bible? - ANS Mentions hygiene and cleanliness
What are the notable events that occurred during the classical times (500 BC to 500 CE)? - ANS -
Greeks appreciation for physical fitness; community sanitation
- Development of hospitals
,Regarding the classical times (500 BC to 500 CE), what is the significance of Greeks? - ANS - Greeks
were the ones who kind of made advancements in terms of public health and had a great
appreciation for physical fitness and the human body
- Greeks developed community sanitation efforts; they created drains for water and advanced
sewage systems
Regarding the classical times (500 BC to 500 CE), what is the significance of the development of
hospitals? - ANS - We see centralized areas for treating the sick and injured
- Christians did it often out of benevolence, because that's what their religion told them to do
- The Romans did so to care for their slaves, which was a huge part of their economy; so if their
slaves were unhealthy, their economy suffered
What are the notable events that occurred during the middle ages (500-1500 CE)? - ANS - Illness
caused and cured by spiritual means
- Many epidemics
Regarding the middle ages (500-1500 CE), what is the significance of the spiritual era? - ANS - During
the Middle Ages, we entered what's called the spiritual era, which is when everything was caused by
something spiritual (no clue about germs, infection, spreadability)
- Many times, illness was caused and cured by spiritual means according to the healers of the day
Regarding the middle ages (500-1500 CE), what is the significance of the many epidemics? - ANS -
Due to the spiritual era, there was a huge increase in the number of epidemics
- We saw the spread of syphilis, a lot of STIs, tuberculosis
What was the worst epidemic that occurred during the middle ages (500-1500 CE)? - ANS
Plague/Black Death (543-1338 CE)
Regarding the middle ages (500-1500 CE), what is the significance of the Plague/Black Death? - ANS
From 543-1338 CE, only one in ten people actually survived due to it
What are the notable events that occurred during the renaissance and exploration (1500-1700 CE)? -
ANS - Still a lot of epidemics
- Recognizing that environment impacts health/disease
- Observing illness
,- Spread of disease to colonists/indigenous people
Regarding the renaissance and exploration (1500-1700 CE), what is the significance of recognizing
that environment impacts health/disease? - ANS - There's still a lot of epidemics, but they're not
blaming it solely on a spiritual cause because they're seeing that groups of people with proximity are
all dying from the same symptoms
- Starting to become more aware of the possible cause, but they oftentimes believe that it's the air
causing the illness
- Miasma was bad air, malaria was thought to be caused by bad air, so they thought that it was the
air causing the disease
- Plague doctors would wear masks with a big beak and put things with sweet smelling aromas in
there, thinking that if they purified the air with sweet scents, they wouldn't get sick
Who was once a believer in Miasma (bad air)? - ANS - Florence Nightingale used to be a believer in
miasma, so she was wrong in that
- However, because of John Snow's research, she ended up changing her mind
- All of the medical experts of this time (renaissance and exploration) believed in the miasma theory
Regarding the renaissance and exploration (1500-1700 CE), what is the significance of observing
illness? - ANS - Starting to observe illness and see trends in illness, which is huge
- The beginning stages of epidemiology
Regarding the renaissance and exploration (1500-1700 CE), what is the significance of the spread of
disease to colonists/indigenous people? - ANS - We saw the great spread, as people started to
colonize the world, they're taking illnesses that they have built somewhat of an immunity to to
groups of people who have no immunity to it
- We saw entire populations at this time be wiped out from things like small pox
What are the notable events that occurred during the eighteenth century? - ANS - Industrial growth
- 1st US census
- Dr. Edward Jenner: smallpox vaccine 1796
Regarding the eighteenth century, what is the significance of industrial growth? - ANS - People are
coming from more rural areas, and they are colonizing and living in more industrialized areas
- This is significant to public health because when you group a whole lot of people together and if
they're not able to dispose of all the waste in housing, it results in tons of pollution (which has a
, poor impact on health), unsanitary water, sewage problems, if one person gets sick then everyone
gets sick
Regarding the eighteenth century, what is the significance of the first US census? - ANS - This is huge
because how can we treat and provide for the public if we don't know anything about the public?
- Collecting data for the first time on our population by taking note of births, deaths, how many
people are married, how many people are single, and how many people there are in general
Regarding the eighteenth century, what is the significance of Dr. Edward Jenner in 1796? - ANS - He
had a garden and the gardener had an 8 year old son
- He took this 8 year old and made him his trial for inoculation of small pox (the IRB would probably
not give permission for this today)
- What he noticed was that as a child and into his adulthood, the milkmaids who got cowpox did not
get smallpox (smallpox is a terrible disease that killed a lot of people), and if they did get smallpox, it
was a very mild form
- So, he took a little lancet, stripped some of a milkmaid's cowpox, and inoculated and put it into the
skin of the little boy who then developed cowpox, and then he took this kid and exposed him to
smallpox
- What he found was that the little boy did not get smallpox
- So, he started inoculating people, so technically it's a vaccine, technically it's inoculation (you can
get a little sticky based on immunology and stuff like that)
- This was the first time that they did something with the immune system to prevent disease
- He got a lot of pushback, but overall, it pretty much eradicated smallpox thanks to his efforts
What are the notable events that occurred during the nineteenth century? - ANS - Modern era of
healthcare (1850 with Shattuck's report)
- John Snow (1858): father of epidemiology
- Louis Pasteur (1862): germ theory/end of the spontaneous generation theory
- Robert Koch: particular microbes are the cause of disease
- Pasteurization/meat inspection
- Occupational and school nurses
Regarding the nineteenth century, what is the significance of Shattuck's report in 1850? - ANS - We
are in the modern era of healthcare here
- This is probably the number one document in a public health historian's memory
