NURS 8022 Exam 2
1. Apoferritin
2. Hemosiderin - ANSWER✅✅✅1. Ferritin without attached iron - (precursor to ferritin)
2. Ferritin micelles (very small cells) - the storage form of ferritin ▪ Normal in small amounts in spleen,
liver, bone marrow
▪ Can be pathophysiological in large amounts (lung, subcutaneous tissue)
1. Endotoxin vs. 2. Exotoxin - ANSWER✅✅✅1. Contained in the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria
and released during lysis of bacteria
-- Pyrogenic bacteria: activate inflammation and produce fever
2. Enzymes released during growth
-- Damages cell membranes, activates second messengers, inhibits protein synthesis
Active bone marrow sites - ANSWER✅✅✅pelvic bones
vertebrae
cranium
mandible
sternum
ribs
humerus
femur
Active Immunity vs Passive Immunity - ANSWER✅✅✅Natural exposure to foreign antigens (i.e
immunization); slow onset, long-lived
Passive: preformed antibodies from another host (i.e maternal antibodies passed through placenta to
fetus); rapid onset, short-lived
NURS 8022 Exam 2
,NURS 8022 Exam 2
Adaptive Immunity
- Third line of defense - ANSWER✅✅✅More sophisticated/specific, less players, inducible, slower
Destruction of infectious microorganisms that are resistant to inflammation
Long-term highly effective protection against future exposure to the same microorganisms
Products: immunoglobulins (antibodies), lympocytes (T-cells, B-cells)
ADP - ANSWER✅✅✅Prothrombotic
▪ Platelet activation
▪ Stimulate shape change into spiny shape "sticky" to allow for aggregation
Agranulocytes - ANSWER✅✅✅Lymphocytes, NK cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells
No granules
Alcohol Induced Macrocytic Megaloblastic Anemia - ANSWER✅✅✅Large, immature RBCs
- Alcohol interferes with absorption of folic acid (megaloblastic); hbg synthesis (sideroblastic anemia);
erythropoiesis (macrocytosis)
- Anemia reverses with abstinence from alcohol within weeks - self limiting
Alloimmunity - ANSWER✅✅✅Immune reaction to tissues of another individual
Anemia of chronic disease - ANSWER✅✅✅Type of Normocytic-Normochromic Anemias
NURS 8022 Exam 2
,NURS 8022 Exam 2
- Most common in elderly
- Begins as normocytic and progresses to microcytic when advanced
- Likely due to inflammation
- Findings: decreased TIBC, elevated ferritin; (more ferritin/less transferrin)
** Bone marrow can distinguish between IDA and ACD **
Anisocytosis
Poikilocytosis - ANSWER✅✅✅Variation in RBC size
Variation in RBC shape
Anthrax - ANSWER✅✅✅Bioweapon
Microorganism responsible: gram + spore-forming aerobic rod Bacillus anthracis
CM: Prodromal symptoms then brief period of improvement followed by rapid onset of high fever,
severe respiratory distress, shock and death within 24-36 hours
Aplastic Anemia - ANSWER✅✅✅Type of Normocytic-Normochromic Anemias
Red bone marrow is replaced with fat; results in pancytopenia because there are less hematopoietic
cells
Most often caused by autoimmune
S&S: hypoxemia, pallor, weakness, dyspnea, fever
NURS 8022 Exam 2
, NURS 8022 Exam 2
Diagnose via bone marrow biopsy
B Cells - ANSWER✅✅✅• Made in bone marrow; activated B cells create plasma cells which turn into
antibodies
• Responsible for humoral immunity that is mediated by circulating antibodies
• Antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria and viruses
▪ Produce memory cells - able to respond more rapidly and efficiently
Bacterial infection - ANSWER✅✅✅Gram-negative vs gram-positive
Attach through pili - various transmission routes - result In direct confrontation with individual's defense
mechanisms
Basophils - ANSWER✅✅✅(<1%)
Granulocyte
▪ Contain histamine
▪ Increase in: sites of allergic inflammatory reactions, parasitic infection - exoparasites (ticks)
▪ Secrete inflammatory mediators; contribute to local inflammatory response
Bioweapons - ANSWER✅✅✅Anthrax
Botulism
Plague
Smallpox
NURS 8022 Exam 2
1. Apoferritin
2. Hemosiderin - ANSWER✅✅✅1. Ferritin without attached iron - (precursor to ferritin)
2. Ferritin micelles (very small cells) - the storage form of ferritin ▪ Normal in small amounts in spleen,
liver, bone marrow
▪ Can be pathophysiological in large amounts (lung, subcutaneous tissue)
1. Endotoxin vs. 2. Exotoxin - ANSWER✅✅✅1. Contained in the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria
and released during lysis of bacteria
-- Pyrogenic bacteria: activate inflammation and produce fever
2. Enzymes released during growth
-- Damages cell membranes, activates second messengers, inhibits protein synthesis
Active bone marrow sites - ANSWER✅✅✅pelvic bones
vertebrae
cranium
mandible
sternum
ribs
humerus
femur
Active Immunity vs Passive Immunity - ANSWER✅✅✅Natural exposure to foreign antigens (i.e
immunization); slow onset, long-lived
Passive: preformed antibodies from another host (i.e maternal antibodies passed through placenta to
fetus); rapid onset, short-lived
NURS 8022 Exam 2
,NURS 8022 Exam 2
Adaptive Immunity
- Third line of defense - ANSWER✅✅✅More sophisticated/specific, less players, inducible, slower
Destruction of infectious microorganisms that are resistant to inflammation
Long-term highly effective protection against future exposure to the same microorganisms
Products: immunoglobulins (antibodies), lympocytes (T-cells, B-cells)
ADP - ANSWER✅✅✅Prothrombotic
▪ Platelet activation
▪ Stimulate shape change into spiny shape "sticky" to allow for aggregation
Agranulocytes - ANSWER✅✅✅Lymphocytes, NK cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells
No granules
Alcohol Induced Macrocytic Megaloblastic Anemia - ANSWER✅✅✅Large, immature RBCs
- Alcohol interferes with absorption of folic acid (megaloblastic); hbg synthesis (sideroblastic anemia);
erythropoiesis (macrocytosis)
- Anemia reverses with abstinence from alcohol within weeks - self limiting
Alloimmunity - ANSWER✅✅✅Immune reaction to tissues of another individual
Anemia of chronic disease - ANSWER✅✅✅Type of Normocytic-Normochromic Anemias
NURS 8022 Exam 2
,NURS 8022 Exam 2
- Most common in elderly
- Begins as normocytic and progresses to microcytic when advanced
- Likely due to inflammation
- Findings: decreased TIBC, elevated ferritin; (more ferritin/less transferrin)
** Bone marrow can distinguish between IDA and ACD **
Anisocytosis
Poikilocytosis - ANSWER✅✅✅Variation in RBC size
Variation in RBC shape
Anthrax - ANSWER✅✅✅Bioweapon
Microorganism responsible: gram + spore-forming aerobic rod Bacillus anthracis
CM: Prodromal symptoms then brief period of improvement followed by rapid onset of high fever,
severe respiratory distress, shock and death within 24-36 hours
Aplastic Anemia - ANSWER✅✅✅Type of Normocytic-Normochromic Anemias
Red bone marrow is replaced with fat; results in pancytopenia because there are less hematopoietic
cells
Most often caused by autoimmune
S&S: hypoxemia, pallor, weakness, dyspnea, fever
NURS 8022 Exam 2
, NURS 8022 Exam 2
Diagnose via bone marrow biopsy
B Cells - ANSWER✅✅✅• Made in bone marrow; activated B cells create plasma cells which turn into
antibodies
• Responsible for humoral immunity that is mediated by circulating antibodies
• Antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria and viruses
▪ Produce memory cells - able to respond more rapidly and efficiently
Bacterial infection - ANSWER✅✅✅Gram-negative vs gram-positive
Attach through pili - various transmission routes - result In direct confrontation with individual's defense
mechanisms
Basophils - ANSWER✅✅✅(<1%)
Granulocyte
▪ Contain histamine
▪ Increase in: sites of allergic inflammatory reactions, parasitic infection - exoparasites (ticks)
▪ Secrete inflammatory mediators; contribute to local inflammatory response
Bioweapons - ANSWER✅✅✅Anthrax
Botulism
Plague
Smallpox
NURS 8022 Exam 2
