NROB60 CHAPTER 4 TEST
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
What is the possible consequence of neural tube defects (spinal bifida) - Answer Spinal
bifida occulta (mildest type, might not even notice) — when the neural tube does not
fully close near the caudal portion of the spine
Meningocele: a sac of fluid comes through an opening in the back
Myelomeningocele (very severe leads to other issues) part of spinal cord and nerves are
contained within the sac of fluid and damaged
What is anencephaly? (Neural tube deficit) - Answer absence of a major portion of the
brain, skull, and scalp
- usually is the cerebrum, can be fatal
What is lissencephaly? - Answer Smooth brain resulting from not enough neurons in the
outer layer producing foldings
Due to defective neuronal migration that occur during 12-24 weeks of pregnancy
What occurs during lissencephaly - Answer The ventricles are dramatically enlarged
Subcortical white matter is nearly absent
Sulci and gyri are completely absent
Children ten to have very small heads
What are the two forces displaced when ions moving across the membrane - Answer 1.
Electrostatic forces: positive ions will always want to move to a negative solution
2. Diffusion: particles move down their concentration gradient (high to low
concentration )
3. Ions are going want to move across the membrane according to their electrochemical
gradients (combination of these two forces)
At what voltage does it consider as to be equilibrium - Answer - 58mV, every K+
molecule pushed out by diffusion is matched by one being pulled back into the cell by
electrostatic charge (no net flow)
What is the best way to record membrane potential - Answer Intracellular
microelectrode
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
What is the possible consequence of neural tube defects (spinal bifida) - Answer Spinal
bifida occulta (mildest type, might not even notice) — when the neural tube does not
fully close near the caudal portion of the spine
Meningocele: a sac of fluid comes through an opening in the back
Myelomeningocele (very severe leads to other issues) part of spinal cord and nerves are
contained within the sac of fluid and damaged
What is anencephaly? (Neural tube deficit) - Answer absence of a major portion of the
brain, skull, and scalp
- usually is the cerebrum, can be fatal
What is lissencephaly? - Answer Smooth brain resulting from not enough neurons in the
outer layer producing foldings
Due to defective neuronal migration that occur during 12-24 weeks of pregnancy
What occurs during lissencephaly - Answer The ventricles are dramatically enlarged
Subcortical white matter is nearly absent
Sulci and gyri are completely absent
Children ten to have very small heads
What are the two forces displaced when ions moving across the membrane - Answer 1.
Electrostatic forces: positive ions will always want to move to a negative solution
2. Diffusion: particles move down their concentration gradient (high to low
concentration )
3. Ions are going want to move across the membrane according to their electrochemical
gradients (combination of these two forces)
At what voltage does it consider as to be equilibrium - Answer - 58mV, every K+
molecule pushed out by diffusion is matched by one being pulled back into the cell by
electrostatic charge (no net flow)
What is the best way to record membrane potential - Answer Intracellular
microelectrode
