AHN 576 MSK STUDY GUIDE WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Abduction - ANSWER Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction - ANSWER Movement toward the midline of the body
Carpal - ANSWER Pertaining to the bones in the wrist and hand
Phalanges - ANSWER bones of the fingers, toes
Tarsal - ANSWER bones of the feet or ankle
Open Fracture (compound) - ANSWER Open wound or break in the skin near
the site of the broken bone
Gustilo classification of open fractures - ANSWER I - Low energy, wound less
than 1 centimeter
II - Wound greater than 1 centimeter with moderate soft tissue damage, flaps
or aculsions
III - High energy wound greater than 1 centimeter with extensive soft tissue
damage
IIIA - Adequate soft tissue cover
IIIB - Inadequate soft tissue cover with exposed bone
IIIC - Associated with (Cardio) vascular injury that requires repair for limb
preservation
Closed fracture - ANSWER Broken bone with no puncture or open wound in
,the skin
nondisplaced fracture - ANSWER bone ends retain their normal position
displaced fracture - ANSWER bone ends are out of normal alignment
Transverse fracture - ANSWER complete fracture that is straight across the
bone at right angles to the long axis of the bone
Oblique Fracture - ANSWER bone break in which fracture line runs along an
angle to shaft of the bone
Longitudinal fracture - ANSWER a fracture that runs along the axis of the
bone
Butterfly fracture - ANSWER When two oblique fractures meet and cause a
wide, large wedge between the two proximal and distal fracture pieces.
Spiral fracture - ANSWER Fracture that occurs while in motion which causes
torsion and the fractures is around the bone.
a fracture where at least one part of the bone has been twisted.
Comminuted fracture - ANSWER bone breaks into two or more fragments
Segmental fracture - ANSWER Composed of at least two fracture lines that
come together to isolate a section of bone. Usually diaxis fractures
Impacted fracture - ANSWER One of the bone fragments is driven into the
other fracture
Stellate Fracture - ANSWER Where the lines of break radiate from a point of
injury
Avulsion fracture - ANSWER Injury to the bone where a tendon or ligament
,attaches to the bone and causes a piece of bone to be pulled off by the
injured tendon or ligament
Compression fracture - ANSWER generally, occurs in the spongy bone in the
spine. For example, the front portion of a vertebra in the spine may collapse
due to osteoporosis
Pathological fracture - ANSWER when an underlying disease or condition has
already weakened the bone, resulting in a fracture
Stress fracture - ANSWER more common among athletes and in lower
extremities.
A bone breaks because of repeated stresses and strains (like running). Can
also occur in the elderly
Greenstick fracture - ANSWER Incomplete fracture. Bone partly fractures on
one side but does not break completely because the rest of the bone can
bend. Usually seen in children
Torus (buckle) fracture - ANSWER bone deforms but does not crack. More
common in children. It is painful but stable
Dislocation - ANSWER Disruption in the normal relationship of the articular
surfaces of a bone making up a joint
Mal-union - ANSWER a fracture that heals with abnormal alignment
Non-union - ANSWER fracture that is not healing
subluxation - ANSWER the partial displacement of a bone from its joint
2 point discrimination - ANSWER ability to distinguish the separation of 2
simultaneous pinpricks on the skin
, AP and lateral - ANSWER Always 2 views of injury
Oblique view - ANSWER For complex fractures of the femur, humerus, or
ankle
Mortis view - ANSWER AP film with the foot internally rotated at around 10%
Looks at the talus with ankle fxs
Inlet and outlet views - ANSWER For pelvic fractures
Swimmers view - ANSWER For odontoid (C2) fxs
Dexa Scan - ANSWER measures bone density
Splinting - ANSWER General rule of thumb is to splint the fracture where it
lies
Exception: limb is not neurovascularly intact
Goals of Splinting - ANSWER Pain relief
stabilization
decrease other injuries
Caveats of Splinting - ANSWER Stabilize the joint both above and below the
point of injury
Do not attempt to correct any deformity until imaging ® unless there is
vascular compromise
Only place cast/splints on patients to have access to follow up care in case
there is an emergency
Increasing pain after application of a cast or splint needs urgent assessment
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Abduction - ANSWER Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction - ANSWER Movement toward the midline of the body
Carpal - ANSWER Pertaining to the bones in the wrist and hand
Phalanges - ANSWER bones of the fingers, toes
Tarsal - ANSWER bones of the feet or ankle
Open Fracture (compound) - ANSWER Open wound or break in the skin near
the site of the broken bone
Gustilo classification of open fractures - ANSWER I - Low energy, wound less
than 1 centimeter
II - Wound greater than 1 centimeter with moderate soft tissue damage, flaps
or aculsions
III - High energy wound greater than 1 centimeter with extensive soft tissue
damage
IIIA - Adequate soft tissue cover
IIIB - Inadequate soft tissue cover with exposed bone
IIIC - Associated with (Cardio) vascular injury that requires repair for limb
preservation
Closed fracture - ANSWER Broken bone with no puncture or open wound in
,the skin
nondisplaced fracture - ANSWER bone ends retain their normal position
displaced fracture - ANSWER bone ends are out of normal alignment
Transverse fracture - ANSWER complete fracture that is straight across the
bone at right angles to the long axis of the bone
Oblique Fracture - ANSWER bone break in which fracture line runs along an
angle to shaft of the bone
Longitudinal fracture - ANSWER a fracture that runs along the axis of the
bone
Butterfly fracture - ANSWER When two oblique fractures meet and cause a
wide, large wedge between the two proximal and distal fracture pieces.
Spiral fracture - ANSWER Fracture that occurs while in motion which causes
torsion and the fractures is around the bone.
a fracture where at least one part of the bone has been twisted.
Comminuted fracture - ANSWER bone breaks into two or more fragments
Segmental fracture - ANSWER Composed of at least two fracture lines that
come together to isolate a section of bone. Usually diaxis fractures
Impacted fracture - ANSWER One of the bone fragments is driven into the
other fracture
Stellate Fracture - ANSWER Where the lines of break radiate from a point of
injury
Avulsion fracture - ANSWER Injury to the bone where a tendon or ligament
,attaches to the bone and causes a piece of bone to be pulled off by the
injured tendon or ligament
Compression fracture - ANSWER generally, occurs in the spongy bone in the
spine. For example, the front portion of a vertebra in the spine may collapse
due to osteoporosis
Pathological fracture - ANSWER when an underlying disease or condition has
already weakened the bone, resulting in a fracture
Stress fracture - ANSWER more common among athletes and in lower
extremities.
A bone breaks because of repeated stresses and strains (like running). Can
also occur in the elderly
Greenstick fracture - ANSWER Incomplete fracture. Bone partly fractures on
one side but does not break completely because the rest of the bone can
bend. Usually seen in children
Torus (buckle) fracture - ANSWER bone deforms but does not crack. More
common in children. It is painful but stable
Dislocation - ANSWER Disruption in the normal relationship of the articular
surfaces of a bone making up a joint
Mal-union - ANSWER a fracture that heals with abnormal alignment
Non-union - ANSWER fracture that is not healing
subluxation - ANSWER the partial displacement of a bone from its joint
2 point discrimination - ANSWER ability to distinguish the separation of 2
simultaneous pinpricks on the skin
, AP and lateral - ANSWER Always 2 views of injury
Oblique view - ANSWER For complex fractures of the femur, humerus, or
ankle
Mortis view - ANSWER AP film with the foot internally rotated at around 10%
Looks at the talus with ankle fxs
Inlet and outlet views - ANSWER For pelvic fractures
Swimmers view - ANSWER For odontoid (C2) fxs
Dexa Scan - ANSWER measures bone density
Splinting - ANSWER General rule of thumb is to splint the fracture where it
lies
Exception: limb is not neurovascularly intact
Goals of Splinting - ANSWER Pain relief
stabilization
decrease other injuries
Caveats of Splinting - ANSWER Stabilize the joint both above and below the
point of injury
Do not attempt to correct any deformity until imaging ® unless there is
vascular compromise
Only place cast/splints on patients to have access to follow up care in case
there is an emergency
Increasing pain after application of a cast or splint needs urgent assessment
