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18 Multiple choice questions
Term 1 of 18
What are the major bacterial morphologies and arrangements?
As a cell decreases in size, its S/V ratio increases
- more surface rea relative to cell volume (higher S/V ratio) supports greater nutrient
and waste product exchange per unit cell volume
- more efficient than larger cells
Gram negative cell envelopes have a cytoplasmic membrane, a thin cell wall, an outer
membrane, and periplasm (between cytoplasmic and outer membranes)
Gram positive cell envelopes include a cytoplasmic membrane and a thick cell wall
- Spiral (spirochaetes): Ex. Borrelia
- Sphere (coccus): Ex. prochlorococcus
- Branched: Ex: streptomyces
- Rod (bacillus): Ex: E. coli
-Comma (vibrio) & spiral (spirillum): Ex. Caulobacter Crescentus
The archaeal cell wall differs from that of bacteria because is lacks peptidoglycan.
Archaeal cell walls can contain pseudomurein. Archaeal cell walls typically lack an outer
membrane. Most lack a polysaccharide wall, instead of an S-layer.
,Term 2 of 18
Compare the composition of the cell envelopes between gram - and gram + bacteria.
The Endosymbiotic origin of organelles states that mitochondria and chloroplasts
descended from respiratory and phototrophic bacterial cells, respectively, associating
with nonphototrophic eukarya hosts.
The evidence relies on mitochondria and chloroplasts having their own circular DNA
genomes and ribosomes similar to those of bacteria
- Eukarya is hypothesized to have originated from the symbiotic fusion of archaeal host
and mitochondrial endosymbiont. Later, the eukaryotic host cell acquired a chloroplast
endosymbiont to become the ancestor of the phototrophic endosymbiont
Prokaryotes:
The archaellum and its motor differ from flagellum in that
- archaellum has a smaller diameter
- it is not hollow
- it's motor has fewer prtoeins
- energy from rotation comes from ATP hydrolysis and not from the proton motive force
Eukaryotic flagellum differ from that in prokaryotes in that eukaryotic flagellum are
much larger than flagella or archaella, are enclosed by the cytoplasmic membrane and
contain a cytoskeleton, and do not rotate but rather whip back and forth through the
activity of their cytoskeleton proteins
- Spiral (spirochaetes): Ex. Borrelia
- Sphere (coccus): Ex. prochlorococcus
- Branched: Ex: streptomyces
- Rod (bacillus): Ex: E. coli
-Comma (vibrio) & spiral (spirillum): Ex. Caulobacter Crescentus
Gram negative cell envelopes have a cytoplasmic membrane, a thin cell wall, an outer
membrane, and periplasm (between cytoplasmic and outer membranes)
Gram positive cell envelopes include a cytoplasmic membrane and a thick cell wall
,Term 3 of 18
What are the structural differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Gram negative cell walls contain a cytoplasmic membrane with a thin layer of
peptidoglycan under it and an additional outer membrane under that. The gram negative
cell has a textured surface like a rope woven randomly upon it. It is 3 layers total
Gram positive cells walls are composed of the cytoplasmic membrane with a thick layer
of peptidoglycan, both embedded with proteins. Gram positive cells have a fairly
smooth exterior. It is composed of 2 layers total
- Spiral (spirochaetes): Ex. Borrelia
- Sphere (coccus): Ex. prochlorococcus
- Branched: Ex: streptomyces
- Rod (bacillus): Ex: E. coli
-Comma (vibrio) & spiral (spirillum): Ex. Caulobacter Crescentus
Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, smooth and rough
endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrion, chloroplasts, Golgi
Eukaryotes have DNA wrapped around histones, while the DNA in prokaryotes are
composed of a single, double-stranded DNA molecule in a loop
Eukaryotes also have cilia while prokaryotes do not
Gram negative cell envelopes have a cytoplasmic membrane, a thin cell wall, an outer
membrane, and periplasm (between cytoplasmic and outer membranes)
Gram positive cell envelopes include a cytoplasmic membrane and a thick cell wall
, Term 4 of 18
How does the redox tower relate to the order of electron carriers in the electron transport
chain?
Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have ribosomes, plasma membranes, cell walls, and
cytoplasm
Both can also have flagellum
Gram negative cell envelopes have a cytoplasmic membrane, a thin cell wall, an outer
membrane, and periplasm (between cytoplasmic and outer membranes)
Gram positive cell envelopes include a cytoplasmic membrane and a thick cell wall
The redox tower relates the electron carriers arranged from the strongest electron
donors at the top to the strongest electron acceptors at the bottom. The greater the
difference in reduction potential between the acceptor and donor, the greater the free
energy released.
- Spiral (spirochaetes): Ex. Borrelia
- Sphere (coccus): Ex. prochlorococcus
- Branched: Ex: streptomyces
- Rod (bacillus): Ex: E. coli
-Comma (vibrio) & spiral (spirillum): Ex. Caulobacter Crescentus
18 Multiple choice questions
Term 1 of 18
What are the major bacterial morphologies and arrangements?
As a cell decreases in size, its S/V ratio increases
- more surface rea relative to cell volume (higher S/V ratio) supports greater nutrient
and waste product exchange per unit cell volume
- more efficient than larger cells
Gram negative cell envelopes have a cytoplasmic membrane, a thin cell wall, an outer
membrane, and periplasm (between cytoplasmic and outer membranes)
Gram positive cell envelopes include a cytoplasmic membrane and a thick cell wall
- Spiral (spirochaetes): Ex. Borrelia
- Sphere (coccus): Ex. prochlorococcus
- Branched: Ex: streptomyces
- Rod (bacillus): Ex: E. coli
-Comma (vibrio) & spiral (spirillum): Ex. Caulobacter Crescentus
The archaeal cell wall differs from that of bacteria because is lacks peptidoglycan.
Archaeal cell walls can contain pseudomurein. Archaeal cell walls typically lack an outer
membrane. Most lack a polysaccharide wall, instead of an S-layer.
,Term 2 of 18
Compare the composition of the cell envelopes between gram - and gram + bacteria.
The Endosymbiotic origin of organelles states that mitochondria and chloroplasts
descended from respiratory and phototrophic bacterial cells, respectively, associating
with nonphototrophic eukarya hosts.
The evidence relies on mitochondria and chloroplasts having their own circular DNA
genomes and ribosomes similar to those of bacteria
- Eukarya is hypothesized to have originated from the symbiotic fusion of archaeal host
and mitochondrial endosymbiont. Later, the eukaryotic host cell acquired a chloroplast
endosymbiont to become the ancestor of the phototrophic endosymbiont
Prokaryotes:
The archaellum and its motor differ from flagellum in that
- archaellum has a smaller diameter
- it is not hollow
- it's motor has fewer prtoeins
- energy from rotation comes from ATP hydrolysis and not from the proton motive force
Eukaryotic flagellum differ from that in prokaryotes in that eukaryotic flagellum are
much larger than flagella or archaella, are enclosed by the cytoplasmic membrane and
contain a cytoskeleton, and do not rotate but rather whip back and forth through the
activity of their cytoskeleton proteins
- Spiral (spirochaetes): Ex. Borrelia
- Sphere (coccus): Ex. prochlorococcus
- Branched: Ex: streptomyces
- Rod (bacillus): Ex: E. coli
-Comma (vibrio) & spiral (spirillum): Ex. Caulobacter Crescentus
Gram negative cell envelopes have a cytoplasmic membrane, a thin cell wall, an outer
membrane, and periplasm (between cytoplasmic and outer membranes)
Gram positive cell envelopes include a cytoplasmic membrane and a thick cell wall
,Term 3 of 18
What are the structural differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Gram negative cell walls contain a cytoplasmic membrane with a thin layer of
peptidoglycan under it and an additional outer membrane under that. The gram negative
cell has a textured surface like a rope woven randomly upon it. It is 3 layers total
Gram positive cells walls are composed of the cytoplasmic membrane with a thick layer
of peptidoglycan, both embedded with proteins. Gram positive cells have a fairly
smooth exterior. It is composed of 2 layers total
- Spiral (spirochaetes): Ex. Borrelia
- Sphere (coccus): Ex. prochlorococcus
- Branched: Ex: streptomyces
- Rod (bacillus): Ex: E. coli
-Comma (vibrio) & spiral (spirillum): Ex. Caulobacter Crescentus
Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, smooth and rough
endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrion, chloroplasts, Golgi
Eukaryotes have DNA wrapped around histones, while the DNA in prokaryotes are
composed of a single, double-stranded DNA molecule in a loop
Eukaryotes also have cilia while prokaryotes do not
Gram negative cell envelopes have a cytoplasmic membrane, a thin cell wall, an outer
membrane, and periplasm (between cytoplasmic and outer membranes)
Gram positive cell envelopes include a cytoplasmic membrane and a thick cell wall
, Term 4 of 18
How does the redox tower relate to the order of electron carriers in the electron transport
chain?
Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have ribosomes, plasma membranes, cell walls, and
cytoplasm
Both can also have flagellum
Gram negative cell envelopes have a cytoplasmic membrane, a thin cell wall, an outer
membrane, and periplasm (between cytoplasmic and outer membranes)
Gram positive cell envelopes include a cytoplasmic membrane and a thick cell wall
The redox tower relates the electron carriers arranged from the strongest electron
donors at the top to the strongest electron acceptors at the bottom. The greater the
difference in reduction potential between the acceptor and donor, the greater the free
energy released.
- Spiral (spirochaetes): Ex. Borrelia
- Sphere (coccus): Ex. prochlorococcus
- Branched: Ex: streptomyces
- Rod (bacillus): Ex: E. coli
-Comma (vibrio) & spiral (spirillum): Ex. Caulobacter Crescentus
