Microbial Metabolism and Transport PPT
- Enzymes — speed up life’s processes in efficient and controlled way
Proteins
Act as catalysts —> take reactants (substrates) to form products without
being consumed in chemical reaction
Reused
- Enzyme Structure — Unconjugated (undecorated proteins)
Conjugated (cofactors required) —> coenzymes: Vitamin C, B12,
NAD
cofactors: metal ions like iron,
copper, zinc
- Enzyme Types — Constitutive —> made all the time, part of common metabolic
pathways like Krebs cycle
Regulated —> made only when needed like lactose to digest milk
sugar
- Enzyme Activity regulation — product synthesis can be regulated by the following
processes
Competitive inhibition = molecules that do not react to form products bind at
the active site to reduce activity (ie penicillin look alike but cannot be destroyed by beta
lactamases => antimicrobial)
Noncompetitive inhibition = enzyme has allosteric site (another binding site)
where the products bind and shut down reaction
Phosphorylation = two types that add / remove phosphate groups to turn
enzyme on / off
Kinases — add phosphate group
Phosphatases — remove phosphate group
Glycosylation = other chemical groups that decorate the enzyme protein can
alter their activity
Environmental conditions like temperature, solute concentration, and pH can
denature the enzyme and reduce / eliminate its activity
- Enzymes are a part of metabolic pathways (linear, cyclic, branched) —> produce one
or more products that are determined by individual enzyme regulation and result in
catabolism (yields energy — glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC — and small building blocks)
or anabolism (uses small building blocks to make macromolecules and new, whole
cells)
Glycolysis: START— 6 carbon chain glucose molecule
PROCESS — cuts it in half and yields 4 ATP (energy) and 2 NADHs
- Enzymes — speed up life’s processes in efficient and controlled way
Proteins
Act as catalysts —> take reactants (substrates) to form products without
being consumed in chemical reaction
Reused
- Enzyme Structure — Unconjugated (undecorated proteins)
Conjugated (cofactors required) —> coenzymes: Vitamin C, B12,
NAD
cofactors: metal ions like iron,
copper, zinc
- Enzyme Types — Constitutive —> made all the time, part of common metabolic
pathways like Krebs cycle
Regulated —> made only when needed like lactose to digest milk
sugar
- Enzyme Activity regulation — product synthesis can be regulated by the following
processes
Competitive inhibition = molecules that do not react to form products bind at
the active site to reduce activity (ie penicillin look alike but cannot be destroyed by beta
lactamases => antimicrobial)
Noncompetitive inhibition = enzyme has allosteric site (another binding site)
where the products bind and shut down reaction
Phosphorylation = two types that add / remove phosphate groups to turn
enzyme on / off
Kinases — add phosphate group
Phosphatases — remove phosphate group
Glycosylation = other chemical groups that decorate the enzyme protein can
alter their activity
Environmental conditions like temperature, solute concentration, and pH can
denature the enzyme and reduce / eliminate its activity
- Enzymes are a part of metabolic pathways (linear, cyclic, branched) —> produce one
or more products that are determined by individual enzyme regulation and result in
catabolism (yields energy — glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC — and small building blocks)
or anabolism (uses small building blocks to make macromolecules and new, whole
cells)
Glycolysis: START— 6 carbon chain glucose molecule
PROCESS — cuts it in half and yields 4 ATP (energy) and 2 NADHs
