NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 3 SET 1 HAVING CORRECT ANSWERS
(2024/2025)
Cardiac Blood Flow - CORRECT ANSWER-o From body
o Through:
♣ Vena cavas
♣ Right atrium
♣ Tricuspid valve
♣ Right ventricle
♣ Pulmonic valve
♣ Pulmonary artery
o To lungs
♣ Pulmonary vein
♣ Left atrium
♣ Mitral valve
♣ Left ventricle
♣ Aortic valve
o Back to body
Cardiac Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER-The heart is the size of a closed fist
2/3 of the heart is to the left of the midline
1/3 under the sternum
, heart layers - CORRECT ANSWER-Endocardium ( inner)
myocardium ( middle)
Pericardium ( outer)
Cardiac action potential: phase 0 - CORRECT ANSWER-rapid depolarization
Sodium influx d/t voltage-gated sodium channels opening
Cardiac action potential: phase 1 - CORRECT ANSWER-initial repolarization of cells
voltage gated sodium channels closed
voltage gated potassium channels open
Potassium leaves cell slowly
Cardiac action potential: phase 2 - CORRECT ANSWER-plateau phase
voltage gated calcium channels open
influx of calcium into the cell
balances potassium efflux
calcium influx triggers more calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum > myocardial contraction
Cardiac action potential: phase 3 - CORRECT ANSWER-Rapid Repolarization w/ potassium efflux
voltage gated potassium channels open
voltage gated calcium channels close
Cardiac action potential: phase 4 - CORRECT ANSWER-resting membrane potential, -85 mV
High potassium permeability from the potassium channels
Potassium imbalance affect on myocardial action potentials - CORRECT ANSWER-Hypokalemia-increased
atrial preload leads to 1-3 degree blocks
Hyperkalemia-slows depolarization, leads to sunus bradycardia and junctional rhythm
EXAM 3 SET 1 HAVING CORRECT ANSWERS
(2024/2025)
Cardiac Blood Flow - CORRECT ANSWER-o From body
o Through:
♣ Vena cavas
♣ Right atrium
♣ Tricuspid valve
♣ Right ventricle
♣ Pulmonic valve
♣ Pulmonary artery
o To lungs
♣ Pulmonary vein
♣ Left atrium
♣ Mitral valve
♣ Left ventricle
♣ Aortic valve
o Back to body
Cardiac Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER-The heart is the size of a closed fist
2/3 of the heart is to the left of the midline
1/3 under the sternum
, heart layers - CORRECT ANSWER-Endocardium ( inner)
myocardium ( middle)
Pericardium ( outer)
Cardiac action potential: phase 0 - CORRECT ANSWER-rapid depolarization
Sodium influx d/t voltage-gated sodium channels opening
Cardiac action potential: phase 1 - CORRECT ANSWER-initial repolarization of cells
voltage gated sodium channels closed
voltage gated potassium channels open
Potassium leaves cell slowly
Cardiac action potential: phase 2 - CORRECT ANSWER-plateau phase
voltage gated calcium channels open
influx of calcium into the cell
balances potassium efflux
calcium influx triggers more calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum > myocardial contraction
Cardiac action potential: phase 3 - CORRECT ANSWER-Rapid Repolarization w/ potassium efflux
voltage gated potassium channels open
voltage gated calcium channels close
Cardiac action potential: phase 4 - CORRECT ANSWER-resting membrane potential, -85 mV
High potassium permeability from the potassium channels
Potassium imbalance affect on myocardial action potentials - CORRECT ANSWER-Hypokalemia-increased
atrial preload leads to 1-3 degree blocks
Hyperkalemia-slows depolarization, leads to sunus bradycardia and junctional rhythm
