NR 507 WEEK 8 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM//WITH RATIONALE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS ( up to
next generation 2024-2025)
Duodenal Ulcer - CORRECT ANSWERS-Characteristic manifestation = chronic
intermittent pain in epigastric area
Pain begins 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating when stomach is empty
Not unusual for pain to occur in middle of the night and disappear by morning
Peptic Ulcer Disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-Peptic ulcer is a break or ulceration in
the protective mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach or duodenum
Least likely to occur in the large intestine
Major Depressive Disorder - CORRECT ANSWERS-SSRIs are the standard first-line
treatment for major depression
Initial selection of an antidepressant includes:
-Assessment of symptoms
-Age
-Side effects
-Safety
-Cost
Social Anxiety Disorder - CORRECT ANSWERS-Fear and avoidance of social
situations
Example: anxious person may feel very uncomfortable having a conversation or
interacting with others and very conscious of being scrutinized and humiliated or
rejected by others
Schizophrenia Diagnosis: - CORRECT ANSWERS-Advanced neuroimaging techniques
have revealed structural brain abnormalities
A consistent finding is the enlargement of the lateral and third ventricles and the
widening of frontocortical fissures and sulci .
Schizophrenia Positive symptoms - CORRECT ANSWERS-("More" symptoms):
Hallucinations
Delusions
Formal thought disorder
Bizarre behavior
, Schizophrenia Negative symptoms - CORRECT ANSWERS-Flattened affect
Alogia
Anhedonia
Attention deficits
Apathy
Schizophrenia Cognitive symptoms: - CORRECT ANSWERS-Inability to perform daily
tasks requiring attention and planning
Hypothyroidism - CORRECT ANSWERS-Most common thyroid function disorder
Affects between 0.1% and 2% of the U.S. population
More common in women and elderly
Hormone replacement therapy with the hormone levothyroxine is the treatment of
choice
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - CORRECT ANSWERS-TSH released by anterior
pituitary
Review hypothalamic-pituitary axis (Picture)
Thyroid-releasing hormone (hypothalamus)
Hyperthyroidism/ Grave's Disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-Two most distinguishing
factors of Grave's disease = pretibial myxedema and exophthalmos
Treatment directed at controlling excessive TH production, secretion or action and
includes antithyroid drug therapy (methimazole or propylthiouracil), radioactive iodine
therapy (absorbed only by thyroid tissue, causing death of cells), and surgery
Goal of radioactive iodine ablation for the treatment of Grave's disease is to destroy
overactive thyroid tissue
Two categories of ophthalmopathy associated with Grave's Disease: - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Functional Abnormalities: resulting from hyperactivity of the sympathetic
division of the autonomic nervous system (lag of the globe on upward gaze or a lag of
the upper lid on downward gaze)
Infiltrative Changes: involving the orbital contents with enlargement of the ocular
muscles. These changes affect more than half of individuals with Grave's Disease.
Increased secretion of hyaluronic acid, adipogenesis, inflammation and edema of the
orbital contents results in exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball), periorbital edema
and extraocular muscle weakness leading to strabismus and diplopia (double vision)
EXAM//WITH RATIONALE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS ( up to
next generation 2024-2025)
Duodenal Ulcer - CORRECT ANSWERS-Characteristic manifestation = chronic
intermittent pain in epigastric area
Pain begins 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating when stomach is empty
Not unusual for pain to occur in middle of the night and disappear by morning
Peptic Ulcer Disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-Peptic ulcer is a break or ulceration in
the protective mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach or duodenum
Least likely to occur in the large intestine
Major Depressive Disorder - CORRECT ANSWERS-SSRIs are the standard first-line
treatment for major depression
Initial selection of an antidepressant includes:
-Assessment of symptoms
-Age
-Side effects
-Safety
-Cost
Social Anxiety Disorder - CORRECT ANSWERS-Fear and avoidance of social
situations
Example: anxious person may feel very uncomfortable having a conversation or
interacting with others and very conscious of being scrutinized and humiliated or
rejected by others
Schizophrenia Diagnosis: - CORRECT ANSWERS-Advanced neuroimaging techniques
have revealed structural brain abnormalities
A consistent finding is the enlargement of the lateral and third ventricles and the
widening of frontocortical fissures and sulci .
Schizophrenia Positive symptoms - CORRECT ANSWERS-("More" symptoms):
Hallucinations
Delusions
Formal thought disorder
Bizarre behavior
, Schizophrenia Negative symptoms - CORRECT ANSWERS-Flattened affect
Alogia
Anhedonia
Attention deficits
Apathy
Schizophrenia Cognitive symptoms: - CORRECT ANSWERS-Inability to perform daily
tasks requiring attention and planning
Hypothyroidism - CORRECT ANSWERS-Most common thyroid function disorder
Affects between 0.1% and 2% of the U.S. population
More common in women and elderly
Hormone replacement therapy with the hormone levothyroxine is the treatment of
choice
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - CORRECT ANSWERS-TSH released by anterior
pituitary
Review hypothalamic-pituitary axis (Picture)
Thyroid-releasing hormone (hypothalamus)
Hyperthyroidism/ Grave's Disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-Two most distinguishing
factors of Grave's disease = pretibial myxedema and exophthalmos
Treatment directed at controlling excessive TH production, secretion or action and
includes antithyroid drug therapy (methimazole or propylthiouracil), radioactive iodine
therapy (absorbed only by thyroid tissue, causing death of cells), and surgery
Goal of radioactive iodine ablation for the treatment of Grave's disease is to destroy
overactive thyroid tissue
Two categories of ophthalmopathy associated with Grave's Disease: - CORRECT
ANSWERS-Functional Abnormalities: resulting from hyperactivity of the sympathetic
division of the autonomic nervous system (lag of the globe on upward gaze or a lag of
the upper lid on downward gaze)
Infiltrative Changes: involving the orbital contents with enlargement of the ocular
muscles. These changes affect more than half of individuals with Grave's Disease.
Increased secretion of hyaluronic acid, adipogenesis, inflammation and edema of the
orbital contents results in exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball), periorbital edema
and extraocular muscle weakness leading to strabismus and diplopia (double vision)
