Straighterline BIO 202 A&P2 - exam 3
1. List the alternate names for the digestive tract - ANSWER: Digestive tract (GI tract)
Alimentary Canal
2. Name the organs of the digestive tract and the accessory organs to digestion -
ANSWER: Digestive tract: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine (colon)
accessory organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
3. Describe the peritoneum - ANSWER: Peritoneum - moist serous membrane
Parietal peritoneum - outer membrane
Visceral peritoneum - inner membrane
4. Characterize the dorsal and ventral mesenteries - ANSWER: Dorsal mesentery -
suspends GI tract and forms serosa (visceral peritoneum) of stomach & intestines
Ventral mesentery - forms lesser/greater omenta
lacy layer of connective tissue that contains lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, blood
vessels
5. Characterize the lesser and greater omenta - ANSWER: Lesser - attaches stomach
to liver
Greater - covers small intestines like an apron
6. List and describe the functions of digestion - ANSWER: ingestion = selective intake
of food
digestion = breakdown food into smaller molecules
absorption = uptake of nutrients into blood/lymph
defecation = elimination of undigested material
7. List and describe the 3 processes of digestion - ANSWER: Motility(movement) =
muscular contractions that break up food, mix it with enzymes & move it along
secretion = digestive enzymes & hormones
membrane transport = absorption of nutrients
8. Define and describe the 2 stages of digestion - ANSWER: Mechanical digestion -
physical breakdown of food into smaller particles
i.e chewing, cutting and grinding with teeth
Chemical digestion - hydrolysis reactions
,enzymes in saliva, stomach, pancreas, intestines
break macromolecules into their monomers
9. List the alternative names for the mouth - ANSWER: Mouth, Oral cavity or Buccal
Cavity
10. Characterize the structures of the oral cavity - ANSWER: Cheeks and lips:
-keep food between teeth for chewing
-essential for speech & suckling in infants
Tongue is sensitive, muscular manipulator of food
--papillae & taste buds on dorsal surface
--lingual glands secrete saliva, tonsils in root
Hard & soft palate
---allow breathing & chewing at same time
11. Illustrate dentition of children and adults - ANSWER: Dentition: arrangement of
teeth
Baby teeth (20) by 2 years; Adult (32) between 6 and 25
12. Describe the structure of a tooth - ANSWER: Periodontal ligament is modified
periosteum
anchors into bone
Cementum and dentin are living tissue
Enamel - acellular secretion formed during development
--Covers crown and neck
Root canal leads into pulp cavity
--nerves and blood vessels
Gingiva- gums
13. List the functions of the oral cavity - ANSWER: Ingestion
Taste
Mastication - chewing
Begins chemical digestion of starch
Deglutition - swallowing
Speech
, Respiration
14. List and describe the components of saliva - ANSWER: Total of 1 to 1.5 L of saliva
per day
Hypotonic solutions of 99.5% water & solutes:
amylase
lingul lipase
mucus
lysozome
IgA
electrolytes
15. List and describe the functions of saliva - ANSWER: Moistens Mouth
Partially digests starch - salivary amylase
Inhibits bacterial growth
Dissolves molecules to stimulate taste buds
Moistens food
Aids swallowing by binding food together into bolus
16. Contrast intrinsic and extrinsic salivary glands - ANSWER: Indefinite number
dispersed throughout oral tissue
Buccal - cheeks
Labial - lips
Lingual - tongue
3 pairs extrinsic glands connect to oral cavity by ducts
--Parotid, submandibular and sublingual
--mucous glands secrete mucous
--serous glands secrete amylase & electrolytes
17. Characterize the pharynx - ANSWER: Throat - skeletal muscle
Superior, middle & inferior constrictors Force food downward while swallowing
19. List and describe the tissue layers of the GI tract - ANSWER: Mucosa-innermost
epithelium
lamina propria - loose connective tissue
muscularis mucosae - thin layer of smooth muscle
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
--inner circular layer
--outer longitudinal layer
1. List the alternate names for the digestive tract - ANSWER: Digestive tract (GI tract)
Alimentary Canal
2. Name the organs of the digestive tract and the accessory organs to digestion -
ANSWER: Digestive tract: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine (colon)
accessory organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
3. Describe the peritoneum - ANSWER: Peritoneum - moist serous membrane
Parietal peritoneum - outer membrane
Visceral peritoneum - inner membrane
4. Characterize the dorsal and ventral mesenteries - ANSWER: Dorsal mesentery -
suspends GI tract and forms serosa (visceral peritoneum) of stomach & intestines
Ventral mesentery - forms lesser/greater omenta
lacy layer of connective tissue that contains lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, blood
vessels
5. Characterize the lesser and greater omenta - ANSWER: Lesser - attaches stomach
to liver
Greater - covers small intestines like an apron
6. List and describe the functions of digestion - ANSWER: ingestion = selective intake
of food
digestion = breakdown food into smaller molecules
absorption = uptake of nutrients into blood/lymph
defecation = elimination of undigested material
7. List and describe the 3 processes of digestion - ANSWER: Motility(movement) =
muscular contractions that break up food, mix it with enzymes & move it along
secretion = digestive enzymes & hormones
membrane transport = absorption of nutrients
8. Define and describe the 2 stages of digestion - ANSWER: Mechanical digestion -
physical breakdown of food into smaller particles
i.e chewing, cutting and grinding with teeth
Chemical digestion - hydrolysis reactions
,enzymes in saliva, stomach, pancreas, intestines
break macromolecules into their monomers
9. List the alternative names for the mouth - ANSWER: Mouth, Oral cavity or Buccal
Cavity
10. Characterize the structures of the oral cavity - ANSWER: Cheeks and lips:
-keep food between teeth for chewing
-essential for speech & suckling in infants
Tongue is sensitive, muscular manipulator of food
--papillae & taste buds on dorsal surface
--lingual glands secrete saliva, tonsils in root
Hard & soft palate
---allow breathing & chewing at same time
11. Illustrate dentition of children and adults - ANSWER: Dentition: arrangement of
teeth
Baby teeth (20) by 2 years; Adult (32) between 6 and 25
12. Describe the structure of a tooth - ANSWER: Periodontal ligament is modified
periosteum
anchors into bone
Cementum and dentin are living tissue
Enamel - acellular secretion formed during development
--Covers crown and neck
Root canal leads into pulp cavity
--nerves and blood vessels
Gingiva- gums
13. List the functions of the oral cavity - ANSWER: Ingestion
Taste
Mastication - chewing
Begins chemical digestion of starch
Deglutition - swallowing
Speech
, Respiration
14. List and describe the components of saliva - ANSWER: Total of 1 to 1.5 L of saliva
per day
Hypotonic solutions of 99.5% water & solutes:
amylase
lingul lipase
mucus
lysozome
IgA
electrolytes
15. List and describe the functions of saliva - ANSWER: Moistens Mouth
Partially digests starch - salivary amylase
Inhibits bacterial growth
Dissolves molecules to stimulate taste buds
Moistens food
Aids swallowing by binding food together into bolus
16. Contrast intrinsic and extrinsic salivary glands - ANSWER: Indefinite number
dispersed throughout oral tissue
Buccal - cheeks
Labial - lips
Lingual - tongue
3 pairs extrinsic glands connect to oral cavity by ducts
--Parotid, submandibular and sublingual
--mucous glands secrete mucous
--serous glands secrete amylase & electrolytes
17. Characterize the pharynx - ANSWER: Throat - skeletal muscle
Superior, middle & inferior constrictors Force food downward while swallowing
19. List and describe the tissue layers of the GI tract - ANSWER: Mucosa-innermost
epithelium
lamina propria - loose connective tissue
muscularis mucosae - thin layer of smooth muscle
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
--inner circular layer
--outer longitudinal layer
