[Pearson Edexcel A-Level Politics] Paper 1 & Paper 2
with MARKSCHEME 2021
19th century nationalism - ANSWER: based on cultural surroundings, increasing
independence (belguim 1831, greece 1829)
20th century nationalism - ANSWER: french revolution, unification in italy, 1919
treaty of versailles, conservative nationalism grew (hitler)
21st century nationalism - ANSWER: nazism, fascism, re-emergence of nativism
(make america great again)
Self Determination - ANSWER: Nations which aspire to self government should be
granted sovereignty
States should respect the sovereignty of each nation
Started with Jeans-Jacques Rousseau as a reaction to absolutists monarchy
At the time, many countries were colonies of empires so didn't have it
Became more important in the 19th century as more empires were dismantled
Nation State - ANSWER: A group of people who have a collective identity in a
geographical area with clear boundaries which becomes a political entity
Liberal nationalists - ANSWER: world of nation states
Chauvinistic nationalists - ANSWER: some nations are stronger and are the only one
who should benefit - other nations should accept their position as colonies
Multinational states - ANSWER: have more than 1 nation within them
Not all have a single national identity - their unity is based on political views
(british/english/scottish/irish)
Some nations exist within another nation state and only want respect for their
culture (wales)
Self determination v. colonialism - ANSWER: becoming an empire has been the aim
of monarchs and countries throughout history
Civil nationalism - ANSWER: a form of nationalism based on a shared vision of an
individual's duty to observe given laws and in turn receive legal privileges
Johann gottfried von herder said that each nation has its own volksgeist - the spirit of
the nation, a unique identity based on unique experiences, history and culture
Expansionist nationalist - ANSWER: the idea that one nation's volksgeist can be
superior to that of other nations, therefore justifying imperialism and domination
Herder rejected this idea, writing that 'notwithstanding the varieties of the human
form, there is but one and the same species of man throughout earth'
, takes time to develop because someone may know the language and be a citizen by
it may take years of absorbing the culture to be genuine
people want to protect a nation's unique culture, without necessarily focussing on
specific ambitions for statehood, for example wales want welsh to be recognised as a
language but aren't as bothered by independence as scotland
It links to patriotism as it may result in a willingness to make sacrifices to promote
the country's best interests
Racialism - ANSWER: The belief that all members of each race possess
characteristics, abilities or qualities specific to that race, especially so as to
distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race
Ideas are rooted in the belief that humanity is not one single human race, but can be
meaningfully divided into separate races
The differences between races are biological and fixed
The different traits make certain races good/bad at things which creates a hierarchy
Then racial segregation is used to prevent 'pollution'
Internationalism - ANSWER: people of the world should unite and connect across
boundaries
Liberal internationalism - ANSWER: the idea that sovereign nations should cooperate
and create a level of independence to avoid international conflict
Aim for a world of independent nation states
Assume that independent nations will seek to cooperate with each other as and
when they need to - economically, educationally and culturally
Socialist internationalism - ANSWER: class solidarity is more powerful and politically
significant than national identity, incompatible with nationalism
Marx (nationalism/patriotism) - ANSWER: believed nationalism and patriotism were
ways of keeping social class, it creates 'false consciousness'
Lenin (capitalism) - ANSWER: believed capitalism survived because the indigenous
workers had been 'brought off' with increased wages and better conditions as the
'home community' exploited the colonies it took
Human Nature (civic nationalism) - ANSWER: a rational form of nationalism, as it is
based on citizen actively participating in society as equals
It's rational, inclusive and progressive
It promotes mutual respect for rights and national identities, believing that sovereign
nations should cooperate to create interdependence and avoid conflict
Human Nature (expansionist nationalism) - ANSWER: More of an emotional,
irrational approach to nationalism, with a focus on volksgeist
It takes time to be part of a nation
Expansionist, chauvinistic forms of nationalism are the most irrational
with MARKSCHEME 2021
19th century nationalism - ANSWER: based on cultural surroundings, increasing
independence (belguim 1831, greece 1829)
20th century nationalism - ANSWER: french revolution, unification in italy, 1919
treaty of versailles, conservative nationalism grew (hitler)
21st century nationalism - ANSWER: nazism, fascism, re-emergence of nativism
(make america great again)
Self Determination - ANSWER: Nations which aspire to self government should be
granted sovereignty
States should respect the sovereignty of each nation
Started with Jeans-Jacques Rousseau as a reaction to absolutists monarchy
At the time, many countries were colonies of empires so didn't have it
Became more important in the 19th century as more empires were dismantled
Nation State - ANSWER: A group of people who have a collective identity in a
geographical area with clear boundaries which becomes a political entity
Liberal nationalists - ANSWER: world of nation states
Chauvinistic nationalists - ANSWER: some nations are stronger and are the only one
who should benefit - other nations should accept their position as colonies
Multinational states - ANSWER: have more than 1 nation within them
Not all have a single national identity - their unity is based on political views
(british/english/scottish/irish)
Some nations exist within another nation state and only want respect for their
culture (wales)
Self determination v. colonialism - ANSWER: becoming an empire has been the aim
of monarchs and countries throughout history
Civil nationalism - ANSWER: a form of nationalism based on a shared vision of an
individual's duty to observe given laws and in turn receive legal privileges
Johann gottfried von herder said that each nation has its own volksgeist - the spirit of
the nation, a unique identity based on unique experiences, history and culture
Expansionist nationalist - ANSWER: the idea that one nation's volksgeist can be
superior to that of other nations, therefore justifying imperialism and domination
Herder rejected this idea, writing that 'notwithstanding the varieties of the human
form, there is but one and the same species of man throughout earth'
, takes time to develop because someone may know the language and be a citizen by
it may take years of absorbing the culture to be genuine
people want to protect a nation's unique culture, without necessarily focussing on
specific ambitions for statehood, for example wales want welsh to be recognised as a
language but aren't as bothered by independence as scotland
It links to patriotism as it may result in a willingness to make sacrifices to promote
the country's best interests
Racialism - ANSWER: The belief that all members of each race possess
characteristics, abilities or qualities specific to that race, especially so as to
distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race
Ideas are rooted in the belief that humanity is not one single human race, but can be
meaningfully divided into separate races
The differences between races are biological and fixed
The different traits make certain races good/bad at things which creates a hierarchy
Then racial segregation is used to prevent 'pollution'
Internationalism - ANSWER: people of the world should unite and connect across
boundaries
Liberal internationalism - ANSWER: the idea that sovereign nations should cooperate
and create a level of independence to avoid international conflict
Aim for a world of independent nation states
Assume that independent nations will seek to cooperate with each other as and
when they need to - economically, educationally and culturally
Socialist internationalism - ANSWER: class solidarity is more powerful and politically
significant than national identity, incompatible with nationalism
Marx (nationalism/patriotism) - ANSWER: believed nationalism and patriotism were
ways of keeping social class, it creates 'false consciousness'
Lenin (capitalism) - ANSWER: believed capitalism survived because the indigenous
workers had been 'brought off' with increased wages and better conditions as the
'home community' exploited the colonies it took
Human Nature (civic nationalism) - ANSWER: a rational form of nationalism, as it is
based on citizen actively participating in society as equals
It's rational, inclusive and progressive
It promotes mutual respect for rights and national identities, believing that sovereign
nations should cooperate to create interdependence and avoid conflict
Human Nature (expansionist nationalism) - ANSWER: More of an emotional,
irrational approach to nationalism, with a focus on volksgeist
It takes time to be part of a nation
Expansionist, chauvinistic forms of nationalism are the most irrational
