HPS203 EXAM || All Questions Answered Correctly.
We perceive and recognise objects through: correct answers Form perception (basic shapes and
sizes) and object recognition (identifying objects)
Bottom-up processes correct answers Processes that are directly shaped by the stimulus (data-
driven)
Top-down processes correct answers Processes that are shaped by knowledge (concept-driven)
Visual features correct answers Features of objects that help you recognise the entire objects by
only seeing specific parts of that object. Eg. the arcs of a lollipop
Parallel processing correct answers The ability of the brain to simultaneously process and
interpret incoming stimuli of differing quality
Familiarity correct answers Frequent words are better recognised
Recency correct answers Words just seen are better recognised
Repetition priming correct answers When a word is seen then viewed again a little later, the first
exposure primes the participant for the second exposure
Feature nets correct answers A network of detectors, organised in layers, with each subsequent
layer having more complex, larger scale objects - allows for more efficient memory storage
however at the cost of occasional error
Feature detectors correct answers When we recognise shapes of letters
Bigram detectors correct answers When we recognise familiar letter combinations (CL, CK) in
comparison to unfamiliar ones (CQ, CX) - requires less activation levels
Activation level correct answers Each detector in the network has a particular activation level,
which reflects the status of the detector at just that moment. When a detector receives some
input, its activation level increases
Response threshold correct answers When an activation level reaches the detector's response
threshold, the detector will fire - it sends its signal to the other detectors to which it's connected
to
McCelland and Rumelhart Model correct answers Rather than believing that the activation of
detectors serve to activate other detectors, it is believed that detectors inhibit one another, so that
activation of one detector can decrease the activation in other detectors
Excitatory connections correct answers Connections that allow one detector to activate its
neighbours
, Inhibitory connections correct answers When detectors deactivate its neighbours
Biederman's recognition-by-components theory correct answers According to this theory we are
able to recognise objects by separating them into geons (the object's main component parts)
Geons correct answers Simple components and shapes - cylinders, cones, blocks - are recognised
across different orientations and viewpoints
Facial recognition correct answers Processes used for word recognition are NOT used for
recognition of faces. Facial recognition is distinctive in its strong dependence on orientation or
viewpoint
Prosopagnosia correct answers Inability to recognise features of faces, but has no impact on
object and word recognition
Face aversion effect correct answers It is more difficult to recognise an upside-down face to any
other upside down objects
Helmholtz's unconscious inference correct answers A term to describe an involuntary reflex-like
mechanism which is part of the formation of visual impressions
Dichotic listening correct answers A psychological test commonly used to investigate selective
attention. Participants wear headphones and are given one input in the right ear and another in
the left
Attended channel correct answers The input that participants are instructed to pay attention to
Shadowing correct answers A task given to participants to make sure they are paying attention -
required to repeat input back word for word - performance usually being close to 100%.
However, close to nothing is heard from the unattended channel
Unattended inputs correct answers Participants are more likely to recognise unattended inputs
when their name is embedded within the channel, as well as any other words with person
significance
Inattentional blindness correct answers Lack of attention that is not associated with any vision
defects or deficits. It may be further defined as the event in which an individual fails to perceive
an unexpected stimulus that is in plain sight. Eg. when an animal or cyclist is on the road)
Change blindness correct answers A perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in
stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice. Eg. observers often fail to notice major
differences introduced into an image while it flickers off and on again
Early selection correct answers The attended input is privileged from the start, so that the
unattended input receives little analysis and is never perceived
We perceive and recognise objects through: correct answers Form perception (basic shapes and
sizes) and object recognition (identifying objects)
Bottom-up processes correct answers Processes that are directly shaped by the stimulus (data-
driven)
Top-down processes correct answers Processes that are shaped by knowledge (concept-driven)
Visual features correct answers Features of objects that help you recognise the entire objects by
only seeing specific parts of that object. Eg. the arcs of a lollipop
Parallel processing correct answers The ability of the brain to simultaneously process and
interpret incoming stimuli of differing quality
Familiarity correct answers Frequent words are better recognised
Recency correct answers Words just seen are better recognised
Repetition priming correct answers When a word is seen then viewed again a little later, the first
exposure primes the participant for the second exposure
Feature nets correct answers A network of detectors, organised in layers, with each subsequent
layer having more complex, larger scale objects - allows for more efficient memory storage
however at the cost of occasional error
Feature detectors correct answers When we recognise shapes of letters
Bigram detectors correct answers When we recognise familiar letter combinations (CL, CK) in
comparison to unfamiliar ones (CQ, CX) - requires less activation levels
Activation level correct answers Each detector in the network has a particular activation level,
which reflects the status of the detector at just that moment. When a detector receives some
input, its activation level increases
Response threshold correct answers When an activation level reaches the detector's response
threshold, the detector will fire - it sends its signal to the other detectors to which it's connected
to
McCelland and Rumelhart Model correct answers Rather than believing that the activation of
detectors serve to activate other detectors, it is believed that detectors inhibit one another, so that
activation of one detector can decrease the activation in other detectors
Excitatory connections correct answers Connections that allow one detector to activate its
neighbours
, Inhibitory connections correct answers When detectors deactivate its neighbours
Biederman's recognition-by-components theory correct answers According to this theory we are
able to recognise objects by separating them into geons (the object's main component parts)
Geons correct answers Simple components and shapes - cylinders, cones, blocks - are recognised
across different orientations and viewpoints
Facial recognition correct answers Processes used for word recognition are NOT used for
recognition of faces. Facial recognition is distinctive in its strong dependence on orientation or
viewpoint
Prosopagnosia correct answers Inability to recognise features of faces, but has no impact on
object and word recognition
Face aversion effect correct answers It is more difficult to recognise an upside-down face to any
other upside down objects
Helmholtz's unconscious inference correct answers A term to describe an involuntary reflex-like
mechanism which is part of the formation of visual impressions
Dichotic listening correct answers A psychological test commonly used to investigate selective
attention. Participants wear headphones and are given one input in the right ear and another in
the left
Attended channel correct answers The input that participants are instructed to pay attention to
Shadowing correct answers A task given to participants to make sure they are paying attention -
required to repeat input back word for word - performance usually being close to 100%.
However, close to nothing is heard from the unattended channel
Unattended inputs correct answers Participants are more likely to recognise unattended inputs
when their name is embedded within the channel, as well as any other words with person
significance
Inattentional blindness correct answers Lack of attention that is not associated with any vision
defects or deficits. It may be further defined as the event in which an individual fails to perceive
an unexpected stimulus that is in plain sight. Eg. when an animal or cyclist is on the road)
Change blindness correct answers A perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in
stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice. Eg. observers often fail to notice major
differences introduced into an image while it flickers off and on again
Early selection correct answers The attended input is privileged from the start, so that the
unattended input receives little analysis and is never perceived
