Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology 5th Edition TEST
BANK by Tommie L Norris
?, whether it involves walking, running, or precise finger movements, requires
movement and maintenance of posture - ANSWER Motor function
The ? contains the neuronal circuits that mediate a variety of reflexes and automatic
rhythmic movements - ANSWER spinal cord
Most reflexes are?, meaning that they involve one or more interposed interneurons -
ANSWER polysynaptic
The medial descending system of the brain stem contribute to the control of ? by
integrating visual, vestibular, and somatosensory information - ANSWER posture
The ? is the highest level of motor function - ANSWER cortex
The primary ? cortex is located on the rostral surface and adjacent portions of the
central sulcus - ANSWER motor
The ? and ? provide feedback circuits that regulate cortical and brain stem motor
areas - ANSWER cerebellum, basal ganglia
Cerebellar ? are involved with the timing and coordination of movements that are in
progress and with learning of motor skills - ANSWER circuits
The ?, which are distributed throughout the belly of a muscle, relay information about
muscle length and rate of stretch - ANSWER muscle spindles
? are found in muscle tendons and transmit information about muscle tension or
force of contraction at the junction of the muscle and tendon that attaches to bone -
ANSWER Golgi tendon organs
Stretch reflexes tend to be hypoactive or absent in cases of ? nerve damage or
ventral horn injury involving the test area - ANSWER peripheral
Abnormalities in any part of the ? pathway can produce muscle weakness -
ANSWER motor
Muscular ? usually results from LMN lesions as well as diseases of the muscle
themselves - ANSWER atrophy
Any interruption of the myotatic or stretch reflex circuitry by peripheral nerve injury,
pathology of the neuromuscular junction, injury to the spinal cord, or damage to the
corticospinal system can result in disturbances of ? - ANSWER muscle tone
, Hyperactive reflexes are suggestive of a(n) ? disorder - ANSWER upper motor
neuron
? suggests the presence of an LMN lesion - ANSWER Hyporefexia
Disorders affecting the nerve cell body are often referred to as ? ; those affecting the
nerve axon, as ? neuropathies; and primary disorders affecting the muscle fibers
as ? - ANSWER Lower motor neuron disorders, peripheral, myopathies
Muscular ? is a term applied to a number of genetic disorders that produce
progressive deteriorations of skeletal muscles because of mixed muscle cell
hypertrophy, atrophy, and necrosis - ANSWER dystrophy
If the lower motor neuron dies or its axon is destroyed, the skeletal muscle cell
beings to have temporary spontaneous contractions called ? - ANSWER
fasciculations
? muscle dystrophy is inherited as a recessive single-gene defect on the X
chromosome and is transmitted from the mother to her male offspring - ANSWER
Duchenne
The ? serves as a synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber -
ANSWER neuromuscular junction
Neurotoxins from the botulism organism (C. botulinum) produce paralysis by
blocking ? release - ANSWER acetylcholine
? is a disorder of transmission at the neuromuscular junction that affects
communication between the motor neuron and the innervated muscle cell -
ANSWER Myasthenia gravis
Lower motor neuron diseases are progressive neurologic illnesses that selectively
affect the anterior horn cells of the ? and ? motor neurons - ANSWER spinal cord,
cranial nerve
There are two main types of ? injury based on the target of the insult; segmental
demyelination involving the Schwann cell and axonal degeneration involving the
neuronal cell body and /or its axon - ANSWER peripheral nerve
? usually are caused by localized conditions such as trauma, compression, or
infections that affect a single spinal nerve, plexus, or peripheral nerve trunk -
ANSWER mononeuropathies
? involve demyelination or axonal degeneration of multiple peripheral nerves that
leads to symmetric sensory, motor, or mixed sensorimotor deficits - ANSWER
polyneuropathies
The signs and symptoms of a ? are localized to the area of the body innervated by
the nerve roots and include both motor and sensory manifestations - ANSWER
herniated disk
BANK by Tommie L Norris
?, whether it involves walking, running, or precise finger movements, requires
movement and maintenance of posture - ANSWER Motor function
The ? contains the neuronal circuits that mediate a variety of reflexes and automatic
rhythmic movements - ANSWER spinal cord
Most reflexes are?, meaning that they involve one or more interposed interneurons -
ANSWER polysynaptic
The medial descending system of the brain stem contribute to the control of ? by
integrating visual, vestibular, and somatosensory information - ANSWER posture
The ? is the highest level of motor function - ANSWER cortex
The primary ? cortex is located on the rostral surface and adjacent portions of the
central sulcus - ANSWER motor
The ? and ? provide feedback circuits that regulate cortical and brain stem motor
areas - ANSWER cerebellum, basal ganglia
Cerebellar ? are involved with the timing and coordination of movements that are in
progress and with learning of motor skills - ANSWER circuits
The ?, which are distributed throughout the belly of a muscle, relay information about
muscle length and rate of stretch - ANSWER muscle spindles
? are found in muscle tendons and transmit information about muscle tension or
force of contraction at the junction of the muscle and tendon that attaches to bone -
ANSWER Golgi tendon organs
Stretch reflexes tend to be hypoactive or absent in cases of ? nerve damage or
ventral horn injury involving the test area - ANSWER peripheral
Abnormalities in any part of the ? pathway can produce muscle weakness -
ANSWER motor
Muscular ? usually results from LMN lesions as well as diseases of the muscle
themselves - ANSWER atrophy
Any interruption of the myotatic or stretch reflex circuitry by peripheral nerve injury,
pathology of the neuromuscular junction, injury to the spinal cord, or damage to the
corticospinal system can result in disturbances of ? - ANSWER muscle tone
, Hyperactive reflexes are suggestive of a(n) ? disorder - ANSWER upper motor
neuron
? suggests the presence of an LMN lesion - ANSWER Hyporefexia
Disorders affecting the nerve cell body are often referred to as ? ; those affecting the
nerve axon, as ? neuropathies; and primary disorders affecting the muscle fibers
as ? - ANSWER Lower motor neuron disorders, peripheral, myopathies
Muscular ? is a term applied to a number of genetic disorders that produce
progressive deteriorations of skeletal muscles because of mixed muscle cell
hypertrophy, atrophy, and necrosis - ANSWER dystrophy
If the lower motor neuron dies or its axon is destroyed, the skeletal muscle cell
beings to have temporary spontaneous contractions called ? - ANSWER
fasciculations
? muscle dystrophy is inherited as a recessive single-gene defect on the X
chromosome and is transmitted from the mother to her male offspring - ANSWER
Duchenne
The ? serves as a synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber -
ANSWER neuromuscular junction
Neurotoxins from the botulism organism (C. botulinum) produce paralysis by
blocking ? release - ANSWER acetylcholine
? is a disorder of transmission at the neuromuscular junction that affects
communication between the motor neuron and the innervated muscle cell -
ANSWER Myasthenia gravis
Lower motor neuron diseases are progressive neurologic illnesses that selectively
affect the anterior horn cells of the ? and ? motor neurons - ANSWER spinal cord,
cranial nerve
There are two main types of ? injury based on the target of the insult; segmental
demyelination involving the Schwann cell and axonal degeneration involving the
neuronal cell body and /or its axon - ANSWER peripheral nerve
? usually are caused by localized conditions such as trauma, compression, or
infections that affect a single spinal nerve, plexus, or peripheral nerve trunk -
ANSWER mononeuropathies
? involve demyelination or axonal degeneration of multiple peripheral nerves that
leads to symmetric sensory, motor, or mixed sensorimotor deficits - ANSWER
polyneuropathies
The signs and symptoms of a ? are localized to the area of the body innervated by
the nerve roots and include both motor and sensory manifestations - ANSWER
herniated disk
